The use of insects as feed may provide a potential solution to overcome the increasingly limited supply of feed, especially protein sources. Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae is characterized by its easy production system, rapid growth, able to efficiently convert organic waste and contains high protein, i.e., around 40%. However, the BSF exoskeleton contains chitin which is a component of cell wall and may inhibit the process of nutrient utilization in the digestive tract of ruminants. This experiment aimed to reduce chitin in BSF through physical (separation of the exoskeleton part) and biological (fermentation with chitinolytic bacteria) treatments. There are four treatments tested in this study: BSF larvae control (T1), BSF larvae without exoskeleton (T2), fish meal (T3), fermented BSF larvae using Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19659 (T4).Physical and biological treatments were able to reduce crude fiber content from 20.27% (T1) to 4.29% (T2), 13.18% (T4), and there was a decrease in ADF content up to 21.78% (T2) and 19.69% (T4). Bacillus subtilis also had lipase enzyme activity, so it can reduce ether extract in BSF larvae by 25.83%. The value of deacetylation degree from chitin isolated without treatment (T1) had a higher value of 66.11. This shows that the fermentation process using chitinolytic bacteria is able to reduce the quality of chitin and change the characteristics of chitin. It can be concluded that physical and biological treatment of BSF prepupa larvae can reduce chitin content, which is indicated by a decrease in crude fiber and fiber fraction (NDF and ADF). Fermentation using chitinolytic bacteria can change chitin characteristics and affect chitin quality.
B lack soldier fly larvae (BSF, Hermetia illucens) has been recently considered as a promising protein source for animal feed, both for monogastrics (Cullere et al., 2016) and ruminants (Jayanegara et al., 2017a). It is characterized by its high protein content as well as good amino acid profiles (Sanchez-Muros et al., 2014). Protein itself plays an important role in the body of livestock; it serves as building blocks for various tissues and organs, and involves in the regulatory function as an integral component of various enzymes and hormones. Our previous study demonstrated that BSF contained protein in its body of more than 40% on dry matter basis (Jayanegara et al., 2017a). Other studies reported that the crude protein content of BSF ranged from 38.3 to 58.8% (Marono et al., 2015; Oonincx et al., 2015; Spranghers et al., 2017). Apart from its high protein content, BSF has other additional advantages in which it grows rapidly on various organic substrates (Spranghers et al., 2017), and does not provide any adverse effect on environment and human health. Despite all of its potency, BSF contains considerable amount of chitin that may limit its use as animal feed. Chitin is a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine and typically present in substantial amount in insects. It had been reported that chitin content of BSF ranged from 8.7 to 9.6% (Diener et al., 2009; Kroeckel et al., 2012). Chitin is insol
Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan meluncurkan program Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka yang salah satu kegiatannya adalah pertukaran pelajar. Namun adanya pandemik Covid-19 menyebabkan perkuliahan pada kegiatan pertukaran pelajar dilaksanakan secara jarak jauh (daring). Pembelajaran jarak jauh sering menimbulkan masalah bagi mahasiswa seperti academic burnout, stres, dan kelelahan emosional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat efikasi diri mahasiswa pada kegiatan pertukaran pelajar dalam pembelajaran daring. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah survei. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan menyebar kuesioner pada 20 mahasiswa dan wawancara pada 6 mahasiswa peserta kegiatan pertukaran pelajar di program studi PGSD UNS-UNY. Lima faktor untuk melihat efikasi diri dalam menyelesaikan pembelajaran daring; berinteraksi secara sosial dengan teman sekelas; menangani alat di CMS (Course Management System); berinteraksi dengan instruktur di pembelajaran daring; dan berinteraksi dengan teman sekelas untuk tujuan akademis (Shen et al., 2013). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tingkat efikasi diri mahasiswa pertukaran pelajar pada masa pembelajaran jarak jauh dalam kategori tinggi dan cukup tinggi. Mahasiswa memiliki keyakinan atau kepercayaan diri yang baik untuk mengikuti program transfer kredit dan berada pada kriteria tinggi. The Ministry of Education and Culture launched merdeka belajar kampus merdeka program which one of the activities is student exchange. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the lecture activities in the meant programs is carried out remotely (online). Distance learning often poses problems for students such as academic burnout, stress, emotional fatigue. This study aims to determine the level of self-efficacy of the students who took part in the exchange program which conducted online. The method used in this research is mixed between survey and interview. Questionnaire was given to twenty students of PGSD UNS-UNY who join the exchange program through google form and six of them were interviewed. The results showed that the level of self-efficacy of UNS-UNY exchange student during distance learning is in moderate and high categories. It means that students have good self-confidence and in high criteria to join the credit transfer program. Researchers recommend further research to deepen information.
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of digital literacy indicators in improving students' reading interests. The research method used is quantitative. The samples in this study were the fifth-grade students at SDN Pajang IV, SDN Tegalrejo, SDN 1 Jajar, and SDN Setono, totaling 86 respondents. The data collection technique used is a questionnaire. The data analysis used is SEM (Structural Equation Model) analysis with SmartPLS and SPSS programs. This research was conducted by testing the instrument outside the sample but in one regional population. After that, the instrument was distributed to the research sample. The results of the study revealed that the effectiveness of digital literacy in improving reading interest was 29%. Further research needs to be done to improve elementary school students’ digital literacy and reading interest.
Chicken eggs are one of the food products that are easily contaminated by microorganisms either directly or indirectly. Contamination generally comes from straw where eggs are laid, soil, air and poultry droppings. Eggs stored at room temperature for more than 10-14 days will undergo chemical and microbiological changes which result in a decrease in quality. One of the things that is needed to address this is to preserve egg products so that the products can be stored for a longer time. The main parameters of egg quality can be observed based on the index of egg yolk and egg white, HU value, and pH value. active ingredients contained in the ingredients, conditions and duration of storage, and methods of preservation. Preservation methods can be done by utilizing natural ingredients that contain active compounds. Active compounds that play a role can be tannins, polyphenols, flavonoids which act as natural antimicrobial substances. Generally, these active compounds will inhibit the entry of microorganisms through the pores of the eggs by forming complex compounds so that the metabolism of microorganisms will be disrupted.
The application of prebiotics in processed food and feed has been widely carried out as an effort to improve the health level of humans and livestock. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the development of the use of local Indonesian tubers and their oligosaccharide content for prebiotic applications in food and feed. The results showed that local Indonesian tubers contain oligosaccharides among groups such as inulin, raffinose, glucomannan, and lactulose. Its applications in food processing include synbiotic yogurt and salami. While its prebiotic properties can also be applied as animal feed.
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