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Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in Algerian hospitals and to characterize the molecular types of carbapenemases found. Methodology: During a four years study lasting between 2012 and 2015, 81 strains of Enterobacteriaceae with reduced susceptibility to carbapenems were collected from different hospitals. Carbapenemase genes were detected by PCR. Multi locus sequence typing was used to study genetic relationships between carbapenemase- producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Results: Among 56 confirmed CPE, blaOXA-48 was detected in 98.21% of isolates. Two isolates co-expressed NDM, and a single one was only an NDM producer. The strains displayed various susceptibility patterns to antibiotics with variable levels of resistance to carbapenems. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed the presence of multiple sequence types in circulation. Conclusions: This report highlights the wide distribution of several clones of OXA-48-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Algeria. Urgent action should be taken to avoid epidemic situations.

This study aimed to characterize two third-generation cephalosporins- and quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli (TGCs- and Q-R-Ec) isolates recovered from the ovaries of a broiler breeder flock and the internal contents of hatching eggs produced by the broiler breeder flock. Clonal relatedness was determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The isolates displayed the same multidrug resistance profile, with resistance to ampicillin, ticarcillin, piperacillin, cefazollin, cephalothin, cefotaxime, nalidixic acid, tetracycline and sulfonamides. Double disk synergy test demonstrated that the two isolates presented an ESBL phenotype. PCR and sequencing results showed that both the isolates harbored the blaCTX-M-1 and qnrS1 genes. MLST revealed a novel allele combination, designated as ST461, in these isolates. This study would contribute to the molecular epidemiological understanding of TGCs- and/or Q-R-Ec.

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Objectives To evaluate the results obtained with direct-from-blood culture antimicrobial susceptibility tests (ASTs) for the study of bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics during bacteraemia. Material and methods This was a prospective study in which 124 direct ASTs were performed directly from positive blood cultures according to the CLSI technique using Mueller–Hinton CHROMagar Orientation medium. Twenty-one antibiotics were tested. The resulting diameters were read after 8 h and 18 h of incubation and interpreted according to the CLSI breakpoints. Thus, a standard AST was performed and interpreted for all isolated strains according to CLSI recommendations. The results were analysed by calculating the rates of categorical agreements (CA) and disagreements represented by minor errors (mE), major errors (ME) and very major errors (VME). Results One hundred and twenty-four strains were isolated, including Escherichia coli (26; 20.97%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (25; 20.16%) and SCN (21; 16.94%). More than half of the isolates (69; 55.65%) were MDR bacteria. It was found that the overall percentage CA (%CA) obtained at 18 h (94.43%) was higher than the one obtained at 8 h (87.32%). Disagreement rates obtained at 8 h and 18 h remain acceptable. The best %CA was obtained with non-fermenting GNB (98.74%) and the lowest with Staphylococcus species (90.70%). For Enterobacteriaceae, an excellent overall %CA (94.32%) was found at 18 h with 96.3% for CTX, 95.38% for ETP, 95.31% for CRO and 92.19% for MEM. Lower rates were noted with IPM (88.71%), CAZ (87.5%) and CIP (85.71%); due to mE for CAZ (12.5%) and mE and ME for IPM (9.68% mE; 1.85% ME) and CIP (12.7% mE; 3.23% ME). Particular attention should be given to clindamycin and teicoplanin tested with Staphylococcus species as they record low categorical agreements at 8 h and 18 h. Conclusions The encouraging results obtained at 18 h suggest a possible future implementation of the direct-from-blood culture AST as a routine technique for studying susceptibility to antibiotics during bacteraemia. However, the standard AST remains the reference technique.