Rendahnya area sweep efficiency selama waterflooding merupakan salah satu masalah dalam meningkatkan produksi minyak. Sweep efficiency waterflood  kurang efektif dikarenakan permeabilitas air yang besar di batuan. Viskositas air bisa meningkat jika menambahkan polimer pada air sehingga bisa mengurangi permeabilitas air dibatuan. Injeksi polimer cukup menjanjikan untuk meningkatkan produksi minyak. Biopolimer merupakan salah satu jenis polimer yang berasal dari mahkluk hidup dengan komponen utama penyusunnya adalah karbohidrat. Bahan yang sering dijadikan biopolimer dan terdapat banyak di alam adalah polisakarida. Untuk mendapatkan polisakarida maka dilakukan ekstraksi pada bahan yang digunakan. Ekstraksi yang digunakan memiliki banyak jenis yang akan mempengaruhi biopolimer yang terbentuk. Pada review ini, berbagai aspek biopolimer dibahas mulai dari sumber biopolimer, jenis ekstraksi, dan serta uji reologi biopolimer.

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Global demand for energy needs has increased due to the rapid development of the human population, raising the industrial prosperity in developing countries. Primary energy demand is still supplied from fossil fuels, such as oil, coal and natural gas. The utilization of fossil fuels will continuously enhance the effect of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. On the other hand, the extent of the tea plantation area in Indonesia reached 53,009 Ha, so that it will reproduce a waste too. Thus, spent tea as bioetanol. In addition it contains cellulose fibres are quite high, environmentally friendly and economical. Bioethanol as motor vehicle fuels can reduce the addition of CO2 at atmosphere because the use of biomass for the production and usage of bioethanol can be considered as a closed cycle. According to this principle the buyer of CO2 from fuel combustion bioethanol originating from the CO2-based biomass will be reabsorbed by plants through photosynthesis reactions. As a result of this whole process is not accounted for emissions of CO2 liquid gas a greenhouse gas into the atmosphere. Bioethanol-cellulosa can reduce greenhouse gas emissions amounted to 80%. The process into products bioethanol via hydrolysis, fermentation, distillation and characterization using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Them is the optimal bioethanol levels produced from fermented inoculant 1% amounting to 8.2% and optimal levels of bioethanol produced from hydrolysis of 8% H2SO4 results amounted to 8.2%, thus optimumsitas the ethanol produced from 8% acid and 1% inoculant apply to have levels of ethanol amounted to 8.2%. The product program could be developed into bioethanol solvent to dissolve the oil that is waxy crude oil.

This paper presents a review of the expectations and challenges of using biomass in the prevention and slowing of paraffin wax deposition that takes place during the crude oil production process. The inhibition of the deposition process involves the use of solvents from biomass that are generally available around the crude oil production field. The processes used to scale down the precipitation of wax include mixing crude oil with the manufacturer's solvent composed of toluene and xylene. The goal is to assess solvents sourced from biomass that are capable to slow down the wax deposition process. Wax appearance temperature is an important characteristic to evaluate the possible wax precipitation of a given fluid. Wax precipitation can be reduced by using some chemical additives, often called the pour point depressant. This additive is expected to be produced from local biomass which can compete with solvents currently produced on the market.

Abstract. Palm shell is a potential source of raw materials for the produce of activated carbon as biosorbent for quite large numbers. The purpose of this study is to produce activated carbon qualified Indonesian Industrial Standard (SNI), which will be used as biosorbent to purify the impurities in the off gas petroleum refinery products. Stages of manufacture of activated carbon include carbonization, activation of chemistry and physics. Carbonization of activated carbon is done at a temperature of 400 o C followed by chemical activation with active agent KOH and ZnCl2. Then the physical activation is done by flowing N2 gas for 1 hour at 850 °C and followed by gas flow through the CO2 for 1 hour at 850 °C. Research results indicate that activation of the active agent KOH produce activated carbon is better than using the active agent ZnCl2.The use of KOH as an active agent to produce activated carbon with a water content of 13.6%, ash content of 9.4%, iodine number of 884 mg/g and a surface area of 1115 m 2 /g. While the use of ZnCl2 as the active agent to produce activated carbon with a water content of 14.5%, total ash content of 9.0%, iodine number 648 mg/g and a surface area of 743 m 2 /gram.

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One of the methods used to optimize oil production is biopolymer injection. In this study, nanocellulose from cotton leaves was made into a biopolymer by combining the cotton leaf synthesis method with ascorbic acid, then sonified and hydrolyzed using ethanol. SEM and FTIR tests were carried out to see the size and chemical structure. The rheology of KLNC biopolymer was compared with the bipolymer from Xanthan Gum. The salinity and compatibility tests were carried out at various concentrations, as well as knowing the resistance of the biopolymer at reservoir temperature. The results of this study, the morphological shape of KLNC shows that the extraction process does not damage the surface structure. With the same concentration, KLNC biopolymer had a higher viscosity compared to Xanthan Gum biopolymer. KLNC biopolymer is more resistant to salinity and thermal than Xanthan Gum. So that KLNC Biopolymer has the potential to be further developed and researched.