Preparation of Activated Carbon from Palm Shells Using KOH and ZnCl<sub>2</sub>as the Activating Agent

Yuliusman, Yuliusman; Nasruddin, Nasruddin; Afdhol, Muhammad Khairul; Amiliana, Rahmatika Alfia; Hanafi, Afdhal

doi:10.1088/1755-1315/75/1/012009

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The laboratory experiments and numerical models have been developed in various studies to improve electrical heating for heavy oil as well as eco-friendly and economical terms. Smart and sustainable district heating holds great potential to meet energy efficiencies by reducing emissions, which producing heating from electricity using the sludge from waste material as a component producing electricity from biogas or raw material could be solutions for long terms to reach sustainable energy to produce electricity in eco-friendly ways (Afdhol et al, 2020;Chhetri & Islam, 2008;Yuliusman et al, 2017). Thus, numerous studies had been done to discover new, inexpensive, and renewable raw materials (Abechi et al, 2013;Derman et al, 2018;Rocha-Meneses et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prospect of Electrical Enhanced Oil Recovery for Heavy Oil: A Review

Afdhol

Erfando

Hidayat

et al. 2020

J. earth energy eng.

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This paper presents a review of electrical heating for the recovery of heavy oil which the work adopts methods used in the past and the prospects for crude oil recovery in the future. Heavy oil is one of the crude oils with API more than 22 which has the potential to overcome the current light oil crisis. However, high viscosity and density are challenges in heavy oil recovery. The method is often used to overcome these challenges by using thermal injection methods, but this method results in economic and environmental issues. The electrical heating method could be a solution to replace conventional thermal methods in which the methodology of electrical heating is to transfer heat into the reservoir due to increasing oil mobility. Because the temperature rises, it could help to reduce oil viscosity, then heavy oil will flow easily. The applications of electrical heating have been adopted in this paper where the prospects of electrical heating are carried out to be useful as guidelines of electrical heating. The challenge of electrical heating is the excessive heat will damage the formation that must be addressed in the prospect of electrical heating which must meet energy efficiency. The use of Artificial intelligence becomes a new technology to overcome problems that are often found in conventional thermal methods where this method could avoid steam breakthrough and excessive heat. Therefore, it becomes more efficient and could reduce costs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prospect of Electrical Enhanced Oil Recovery for Heavy Oil: A Review

Afdhol

Erfando

Hidayat

et al. 2020

J. earth energy eng.

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“…Misnon et al, [60] in their investigation, developed activated carbon suitable for EDLC application from oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) kernel shell (PKS) which were physically and chemically treated and electrochemically kept in 3 varying liquid electrolytes viz: 6M KOH, 1M Na2SO4 and 1M H2SO4. The Coin type cells designated "CR2032" with PKS ACs electrodes divided by a fibre glass segregator and electrolyte were used as quantification gadgets.…”

Section: For the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy-(fesem) ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Several Bio Wastes as Sustainable Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor Manufacturing

Jerome, F. N.,

Obiukwu, O. O.,

Okonkwo, B. U.

et al. 2024

AJOCR

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This work presents various inquests on the utilization of bio wastes, agricultural wastes and sea shells to develop activated carbon as a veritable and sustainable electrode (terminals) substance for supercapacitors-(SC) also known as electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLC) gadgets for preserving energy. We also looked at how electrode materials are processed with a view to improve or maximise the supercapacitor performance. This review entails how several bio wastes has been singed, synthesized and utilized to produce activated carbon material for long lasting, low-cost and environmentally-friendly EDLCs via the processes of pyrolysis, carbonization, physical activation and/or chemical activation with reagents and then characterized to show attributes making them suitable for application in supercapacitor manufacturing. Some of the features making the samples suitable for use as EDLC electrode materials include pore structure, very large surface area, power density, energy density, pore volume, cyclic stability specific capacitance, iodine adsorption with other attributes. This work also showcases how the various properties were determined by different tests including Brunauer-Emmett-Teller-(BET), Fourier Transform Infrared-(FTIR) Spectrometry, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy-(FESEM), Raman-Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy-(SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray-(EDX), X-Ray Diffraction-(XRD), TGA-Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis, Cyclic Voltammetry-(CV), Transmission Electron Microscopy-(TEM), and other procedures.

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“…In Figure 2, we can see that iodine number is getting higher with as ZnCl2 in raw material increases, and this behavior is almost equally occurred on every coal grain size. ZnCl2 as one of activation agents possess acidity that causes reaction with coal, which will lead to tar production, reduced impurity, and increase of produced activated carbon pores [19]. Because of that, by increase the percentage of ZnCl2 activated carbon pores will increase which would also increase iodine number of the activated carbon.…”

Section: Figure 1 the Effect Of Zncl2 Composition Against Activated C...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption of Activated Carbon from Coal on Coal Briquette Combustion Flue Gas

Suliestyah

Sari

2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Coal briquette is expected to be able to become low-cost alternative energy source. However, coal briquette combustion produces gas emission such as SO2, NOx, CO, and CO2 that cause air pollution. The objective of this research is to minimize flue gas emission by using activated carbon made from low level coal such as lignite, obtained from South Sumatera. Activated carbon formation is conducted by using chemical activation method, with ZnCl2 composition variations of 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, and 45% and coal grain size of 40 mesh, 60 mesh, 80 mesh, and 100 mesh. Carbonization process was conducted at 500°C for 2 hours. Carbonization was conducted by using an air tight steel box infused by nitrogen along the process. The result of this research shows that the composition of ZnCl2 40% and coal 60% with 80 mesh of coal grain size, is the optimum condition to produce activated carbon with highest iodine value of 1323 mg/g. in the application of coal briquette flue gas adsorption experiment, the activated carbon is highly effective in absorbing NO2 with adsorption volume of 87.6 - 90.8%. SO2, CO2, and poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) gas adsorption levels are varied from 27% to 47.8%, but not really effective in absorbing CO gas with adsorption capacity of 11.5%. The activated carbon utilized in this research has the potential to be developed as effective adsorbent for coal combustion exhaust gas emission.

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Preparation of Activated Carbon from Palm Shells Using KOH and ZnCl₂as the Activating Agent

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

The Prospect of Electrical Enhanced Oil Recovery for Heavy Oil: A Review

The Prospect of Electrical Enhanced Oil Recovery for Heavy Oil: A Review

Investigation of Several Bio Wastes as Sustainable Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor Manufacturing

Adsorption of Activated Carbon from Coal on Coal Briquette Combustion Flue Gas

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Preparation of Activated Carbon from Palm Shells Using KOH and ZnCl2as the Activating Agent

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

The Prospect of Electrical Enhanced Oil Recovery for Heavy Oil: A Review

The Prospect of Electrical Enhanced Oil Recovery for Heavy Oil: A Review

Investigation of Several Bio Wastes as Sustainable Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor Manufacturing

Adsorption of Activated Carbon from Coal on Coal Briquette Combustion Flue Gas

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Preparation of Activated Carbon from Palm Shells Using KOH and ZnCl₂as the Activating Agent