ZnO nanowire-array-embedded n-ZnO∕p-GaN heterojunction light-emitting diodes were fabricated by growing Mg-doped p-GaN films, ZnO nanowire arrays, and polycrystalline n-ZnO films consecutively. Electroluminescence emission having the wavelength of 386nm was observed under forward bias in the heterojunction diodes and the UV-violet light was emerged from the ZnO nanowires. The heterojunction diode was thermal treated in hydrogen ambient to increase the electron injection rate from the n-ZnO films into the ZnO nanowires. High concentration of electrons supplied from the n-ZnO films activated the radiative recombination in the ZnO nanowires, i.e., increased the light-emitting efficiency of the heterojunction diode.

Out of the blue: Light‐emitting diodes were obtained by fabricating p+‐GaN film/n‐ZnO nanowire array/n+‐ZnO film structures (see figure). Blue electroluminescence (EL) emission was observed from the nanowire‐inserted heterojunction diodes under forward bias. These diodes exhibited improved EL emission and injection current compared to those of film‐based heterojunction diodes.

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Al-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al) films were applied to liquid crystal displays (LCDs) as transparent electrodes substituting indium tin oxide (ITO). While the ZnO:Al-based twisted nematic LCD cell showed similar operational behavior to ITO-based counterpart, its electro-optical (EO) and residual dc (r-dc) characteristics were somewhat improved. Capacitance-voltage relations suggested that these improved EO and r-dc characteristics of the ZnO:Al-based LCD cell are due to the substantially lower density of charge carrier trapping centers in the polyimide layer∕electrode interface region, demonstrating high application potential of ZnO:Al films as transparent electrodes of LCDs.

The observed injury pattern of the deltoid ligament was complex and frequently associated with concomitant ankle pathology. The most common tear site of the superficial deltoid ligament was the medial malleolar attachment, whereas that of the deep pTTL was near its medial talar insertion.

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