More than 30 years after the 1988 Declaration of Belém, which we can consider an important outcome of socio‐environmental movements, this reflexive paper proposes new ways of approaching indigenous local knowledge (ILK) related to the living environment and understanding its relevance in times of global socio‐environmental crisis.
Drawing upon the example of an ethnodevelopment project based on guarana production by indigenous Sateré‐Mawé people in the Brazilian Amazon, two important issues are addressed. First, we reflect on how a traditional management system can contribute to both biological and cultural conservation, even when that system is inserted in new global markets and spoken about through a scientific perspective. Second, we address the challenge of incorporating ILK into conservation research by formulating a set of methodological proposals.
We show that ILK is a dynamic, adaptive and political product of local–global interactions. This leads us to defend an analysis of ILK that would focus on its processes of creation rather than on the body of knowledge that results from them, thus helping to account for ILK's vitality and the various forms of its legitimation.
At the crossroads of ethnobiology, science and technology studies, and social anthropology, these research methods seek to go beyond the inventory, categorization and structural analysis of thoughts and practices to instead privilege an analysis of the interactions between local populations and resources; at the same time, they operate across different scales and integrate actors from the beginning to the end of (sometimes long) value chains.
Such an approach aims to make visible the modes of knowledge translation and hybridization that indigenous people might implement to maintain control over their collective identities and their relationship with a changing environment.
A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
À travers l’exemple du guaraná, l’article développe et illustre une approche ontologique des plantes qui permette d’observer, décrire et prendre en compte la manière dont les plantes se construisent, agissent et font faire dans le monde. Inspirée par la théorie de l’acteur-réseau et l’ethnobotanique, cette approche compréhensive cherche à répondre à deux enjeux : d’une part, dépasser l’analyse structurale des catégories de pensées ou des « représentations » de la plante pour privilégier celle des interactions dynamiques et réciproques entre Hommes et plantes ; d’autre part, inviter à prendre au sérieux les discours et sensibilités attribuant aux plantes pouvoirs ou intentionnalités, dans la mesure où ceux-ci revêtent un caractère performatif et font sens pour ceux qui les portent.
1Resilience is currently a key theme within salt marsh ecological studies. Understanding the 2 factors that affect salt marsh accretion and elevation gains are of paramount importance if 3 management of these ecosystems is to be successful under increasing synergistic stresses of 4 storm surge, inundation period, and eutrophication. We present the results of salt marsh fucoid 5 algae (ecads) removal experiments on Spartina alterniflora abundance, production and Decomposition rates of Spartina alterniflora in the field were significantly higher under the 10 fucoid macroalgae layer, and, in lab experiments, S. alterniflora seedlings added more leaves 11 when the marsh fucoids were present. In contrast, fucoids caused a significant decrease in S.12 alterniflora seedlings' survival in the field. We found that marsh fucoids are stable despite not
ResumenEn los últimos años, Brasil ha conocido importantes transformaciones, entre las cuales se encuentran el refuerzo de la participación ciudadana en la elaboración de políticas públicas e instrumentos innovadores para el desarrollo rural; por un lado, "los territorios ciudadanos" conformados en 2008, y por otro, el acceso al sistema de indicaciones geográficas creado en 2002. Consideraremos a estos mecanismos como favorables a la institucionalización de territorios específicos donde la gobernanza rompería con políticas tradicionales, de manera que la valorización de recursos agrícolas localizados garantice un acceso seguro al mercado. Analizaremos el caso particular de la región de Maués (Amazonas), conocida originalmente como la tierra de la guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis). Esta planta forestal amazónica fue domesticada por la tribu Sateré-Mawé para luego difundirse en la región y en otros estados. Aparte de su valorización en el marco de cadenas productivas, mostramos que la guaraná es el objeto de luchas de apropiación por parte de distintos colectivos, con el objetivo de su reinscripción en su territorio de origen. El acceso a las indicaciones geográficas se encuentra en el corazón de un proceso multiforme de territorialización de la guaraná, en el que diversos actores se enfrentan, se excluyen o se coordinan para defender su especialización.Palabras clave: guaraná, Amazonía, desarrollo territorial, colectivos, indicaciones geográficas, cadena productiva.
AbstractIn recent years, Brazil has experienced major transformations among which the strengthening of citizen participation in public policy development and innovative instruments for rural development such as on the one hand, "the territories of citizenship" formed in 2008 and on the other hand access to the geographical indications (GIs) scheme established in 2002. We consider these mechanisms as favorable to the institutionalization of specific territories where governance would break with traditional policies so that the valorization of localized agricultural resources ensure a secure access to the market. We discuss the particular case of the region of Maués (Amazonas), originally known as the land of guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis). This Amazon forest plant was domesticated by the Sateré-Mawé people before spreading in the region and to other Brazilian states. Apart from its valorization within classic production chains, we show that guaraná is the object of appropriation struggles by different groups aiming at reinscribing it in its territory of origin. Access to GIs finds itself at the heart of a multifaceted territorialization process of guaraná in which different actors face each other, are excluded or coordinate to defend their specialization.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.