¿Innovar para resistir? La territorialización del Guaraná en la Amazonia (Brasil)

Abstract

ResumenEn los últimos años, Brasil ha conocido importantes transformaciones, entre las cuales se encuentran el refuerzo de la participación ciudadana en la elaboración de políticas públicas e instrumentos innovadores para el desarrollo rural; por un lado, "los territorios ciudadanos" conformados en 2008, y por otro, el acceso al sistema de indicaciones geográficas creado en 2002. Consideraremos a estos mecanismos como favorables a la institucionalización de territorios específicos donde la gobernanza rompería con políticas tradicionales, de manera que la valorización de recursos agrícolas localizados garantice un acceso seguro al mercado. Analizaremos el caso particular de la región de Maués (Amazonas), conocida originalmente como la tierra de la guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis). Esta planta forestal amazónica fue domesticada por la tribu Sateré-Mawé para luego difundirse en la región y en otros estados. Aparte de su valorización en el marco de cadenas productivas, mostramos que la guaraná es el objeto de luchas de apropiación por parte de distintos colectivos, con el objetivo de su reinscripción en su territorio de origen. El acceso a las indicaciones geográficas se encuentra en el corazón de un proceso multiforme de territorialización de la guaraná, en el que diversos actores se enfrentan, se excluyen o se coordinan para defender su especialización.Palabras clave: guaraná, Amazonía, desarrollo territorial, colectivos, indicaciones geográficas, cadena productiva. AbstractIn recent years, Brazil has experienced major transformations among which the strengthening of citizen participation in public policy development and innovative instruments for rural development such as on the one hand, "the territories of citizenship" formed in 2008 and on the other hand access to the geographical indications (GIs) scheme established in 2002. We consider these mechanisms as favorable to the institutionalization of specific territories where governance would break with traditional policies so that the valorization of localized agricultural resources ensure a secure access to the market. We discuss the particular case of the region of Maués (Amazonas), originally known as the land of guaraná (Paullinia cupana var. sorbilis). This Amazon forest plant was domesticated by the Sateré-Mawé people before spreading in the region and to other Brazilian states. Apart from its valorization within classic production chains, we show that guaraná is the object of appropriation struggles by different groups aiming at reinscribing it in its territory of origin. Access to GIs finds itself at the heart of a multifaceted territorialization process of guaraná in which different actors face each other, are excluded or coordinate to defend their specialization.

Local knowledge, know‐how and knowledge mobilized in a globalized world: A new approach of indigenous local ecological knowledge

“…About 4,000 tonnes of guarana seeds are produced each year in Brazil—the only country to grow guarana—and almost all are produced by small family farms (Pinton & Congretel, 2016). About 75% of the harvest is now produced in the coastal parts of the Bahia region, and most of the rest in the Lower Amazonas.…”

Law of Origin Integrator of Premodern - Modern Production Practices in Kankuamo Territory of Colombia

“…The strategy to promote access to technology by the ancestral ethnicities must be sufficiently flexible to include those multiple territorialities and include replacement of measurement indicators, with linking of the notion of "indigenous community sustainability". This, according to Pinton andCongretel (2016) and(GALVÁN et al, 2016), understood as the dissemination of the innovation and the community perception regarding its balance between conservation and rational use. Colômbia, está experimentando um processo de recuperação de seu conhecimento local e autodeterminação como povo indígena; entretanto, informações exógenas afetam suas decisões e contribuem para sua aculturação.…”