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Pressures from various interests towards Ngurah Rai Grand Forest Park have potential to trigger of damage on mangrove ecosystem. The study aims to identify the utilization of mangroves at Ngurah Rai Grand Forest ABSTRAKAdanya tekanan dari berbagai kepentingan terhadap kawasan Tahura Ngurah Rai berpotensi menjadi penyebab kerusakan tanaman mangrove yang menyebabkan perubahan ekosistem. Penelitian ini bertujuan: mengidentifikasi pemanfaatan mangrove oleh masyarakat; mengidentifikasi faktor internal dan eksternal dalam pengelolaan mangrove; dan menentukan strategi pengelolaan mangrove. Analisis SWOT digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dua faktor internal tertinggi yang menjadi kekuatan pengelolaan mangrove di Bali adalah lokasi yang strategis dan merupakan ekosistem mangrove terbesar di Bali. Sedangkan faktor internal yang menjadi kelemahan adalah banyaknya sampah dan lumpur serta adanya sedimentasi di Tahura bagian hilir. Faktor-faktor eksternal yang menjadi peluang pengelolaan mangrove yaitu wisatawan yang terus meningkat dan lokasi yang dekat dengan objek wisata lain. Sedangkan yang menjadi ancaman pengelolaan adalah adanya kepentingan pihak-pihak tertentu yang cenderung mengurangi keberadaan dan kelestarian hutan mangrove, pembuangan sampah di daerah hulu yang masih terjadi, dan pembangunan infrastruktur di sekitar. Lima strategi pengelolaan mangrove di Bali adalah implementasi dan penegakan aturan yang jelas, terkait zonasi dan regulasi yang menyertainya; pengelolaan sampah dan pengendalian pencemaran; penyuluhan dan pendidikan lingkungan terhadap masyarakat; perencanaan pembangunan strategis yang mempertimbangkan daya dukung dan daya tampung mangrove; pengembangan pariwisata yang melibatkan masyarakat dan kearifan lokal.

Payments for ecosystem services schemes are viewed as having the potential to achieve positive biodiversity and ecosystem service outcomes and social outcomes, and they have been widely studied since their development in the 1990s. We describe the state of payments for ecosystem services in Indonesia, where nine schemes were identified, four involving water and five involving carbon. We also assess the perceptions of stakeholders (donors, government, and non-government agencies) regarding the status of such schemes in Indonesia, and their views on what factors support or constrain their development. The main factors perceived to support payments for ecosystem services schemes were easily identifiable ecosystem services and service users, and the long-term support provided by individuals or institutions that facilitate the schemes, building on existing relationships between communities and these facilitating agencies. Stakeholders identified problems relating to regulation: the lack of regulation specifically in relation to payments for ecosystem services, but also overlap and uncertainties regarding regulations. Other constraining factors identified were the lack of recognition of environmental problems amongst potential buyers, and issues of rights and tenure for local communities. With so few operational programmes to date, covering a relatively small land area, and such constraints to further development, payments for ecosystem services schemes appear to have limited scope to supply ecosystem services successfully and sustainably at scale.

Protection Forest is in critical situation in Indonesia. During the period of 1997 to 2002, degradation and deforestation rate in this area doubled than that in production forest. Following this condition, several questions arise as to whether the current policies, law and regulation were appropriate or sufficient to support protection forest management sustainably? How existing government policies and regulation affected the management of protection forest? This report focuses in addressing these questions, and in particular aims to (i) identify government policy and regulation related to natural resource and protection forest in particular, (ii) analyse those policy and regulation as well as their synchronization and concistency, (iii) understand current condition of protection forest,, and (iv) provide input for government policy related to sustainable protection forest, and natural resource management in general. Analysing 83 government regulations concerning natural resources policy and protection forest, revealed that policies and regulations concerning protection forest suatanability remains vague.

Indonesia offers a dramatic opportunity to contribute to tackling climate change by deploying Natural Climate Solutions (NCS), increasing carbon sequestration and storage through the protection, improved management, and restoration of drylands, peatlands, and mangrove ecosystems. Here, we estimate Indonesia's NCS mitigation opportunity for the first time using national datasets. We calculated the maximum NCS mitigation potential extent using datasets of annual national land cover, peat soil, and critical lands. We collated a national emissions factor database for each pathway, calculated from a meta-analysis, recent publications from our team, and available literature. The maximum NCS mitigation potential in 2030 is 1.3 ± 0.04 GtCO2e yr-1, based on the historical baseline period from 2009–2019. This maximum NCS potential is double Indonesia’s NDC (Nationally Determined Contribution) target from the Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) sector. Of this potential opportunity, 77% comes from wetland ecosystems. Peatlands have the largest NCS mitigation potential (960 ± 15.4 MtCO2e yr-1 or 71.5 MgCO2e ha-1 yr-1) among all other ecosystems. Mangroves provide a smaller total potential (41.1 ± 1.4 MtCO2e yr-1) but have a much higher mitigation density (12.2 MgCO2e ha-1yr-1) compared to dryland ecosystems (2.9 MgCO2e ha-1 yr-1). Therefore, protecting, managing, and restoring Indonesia’s wetlands is key to achieving the country’s emissions reduction target by 2030. The results of this study can be used to inform conservation programs and national climate policy to prioritize wetlands and other land sector initiatives to fulfill both Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) by 2030, while simultaneously providing additional co-benefits and contributing to COVID-19 recovery and economic sustainability.

Addressing environmental problems in urban areas, the Law No. 26 of 2007 has mandated local governments to preserve Green Open Space (GOS) covering minimum 30% of its area. However, some local governments barely meet this obligation due to high price of lands and budget constraints. Meanwhile, an innovation in the form of vertical forest started to be applied in developed countries may be adopted to overcome the limited land constraint for developing GOS. This study was conducted to determine the opportunities for implementing vertical forest as an alternative solution for the constraints. In addition, it also aims to find out the possibility of its application for spatial planning policies so that it supports the national sustainable development goal. This study is an explorative research with qualitative method. The study concluded that vertical forest essentially is suitable to be implemented as an alternative solution to limited land for the GOS development. From the policy perspective, the development of vertical forest can encourage the competitiveness of the green city program. Therefore, the government need to design incentive policies for local governments and the private sectors to develop vertical forest. It is also necessary to adjust GOS developing regulation to become more accommodating so that vertical forest can be recognized as part of GOS.

Peat restoration is a key climate mitigation action for achieving Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) emission reduction target. The level of carbon reduction resulting from peat restoration is uncertain, owing in part to diverse methodologies and land covers. In this study, a meta-analysis was conducted to assess the impact of rewetting on reduction of total CO2 in soil and heterotrophic emissions at the country level. The tier 2 emission factor associated with the land cover category in Indonesia was also calculated. The analysis included a total of 32 studies with 112 observations (data points) for total CO2 emissions and 31 observations for heterotrophic emissions in Indonesia. The results show that the land cover category is not a significant predictor of heterotrophic and total soil emissions, but the highest observed soil emissions were found in the plantation forest. Using the random-effects model, our results suggest that an increase in the water table depth of 10 cm would result in an increase in total CO2 emissions of 2.7 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1 and an increase in heterotrophic emissions of 2.3 Mg CO2 ha−1 year−1. Our findings show that managing water table depth in degraded peatlands in various land cover types is important to achieve Indonesia’s emission reduction target by 2030.

REDD+ carbon market can be an incentive for implementation of REDD+ actors in the field. The facing problem is the high of market uncertainty due to the unavailability of carbon transaction mechanism. The commitment of local government, relatively high as indicated by the formulation of regulations that support the REDD+ implementation. Activity within REDD+ framework mainly is in order to maintain forest sustainability, revenue from carbon trading will be giving out additional benefit if carbon market occurred. Local government has not understood well on the carbon market procedure or its mechanism including carbon standard and methodology for producing carbon credit. Incentives for the achievement of emissions reductions are more likely based on their roles in the sustainable forest management/improvement community's welfare instead of carbon credit. However, at the local level there are some voluntary forest carbon payment initiatives. The amount of proportion should consider sharing investment costs, both between donors (buyers) and government. Registry agency need to be established in order to manage activities, oversee achievement of emission reduction, and facilitate the implementation of REDD+ in the field, and should have a task to set up a system of incentives and disincentives in the management leakage risk and non-permanence.