No abstract

This study tried to explore characterization of biodegradable plastic from jackfruit seeds and rice waste. Jackfruit seeds and rice waste contain starch, so it can be used for plastic material with addition of several additives such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), glycerol, chitosan and sorbitol. Starch is one of polysaccharides that be used as raw material for biofilms. Polyvinyl alcohol is the most important plastic in making water-soluble films. It was ability to form films, emulsifiers, and its adhesive properties. Polyvinyl alcohol has high tensile strength, good flexibility, and good oxygen barrier. Sorbitol and glycerol are also an additive in the manufacture of biodegradable plastics from starch, which is a plasticizer that increase elasticity. Chitosan have effects to bioplastic, such as biodegradable, hydrophilicity, and anti bacterial. This research aims to determine the effect of addition of PVA, glycerol, chitosan and sorbitol to optimum characteristics of bioplastic. The parameters to be examined bioplastic include thickness, moisture content, tensile strength, and % elongation. Increasing of glycerol added to the plastic material effect to decrease of tensile strength of bioplastic and elongation, lower water resistance and more easily degraded. Increasing of chitosan added to the plastic material effect to higher tensile strength, lower elongation, higher resistance to water and lower degradation. Increasing of PVA added to the plastic material effect to increasing of the tensile strength of the bioplastic and decreasing of elongation of bioplastic, but the increasing of sorbitol effect to decreasing of tensile strength and increasing of elongation of bioplastic.

No abstract

The process of extracting oil from oil wells still uses the premier and secondary methods, another method that is not optimal is the tertiary method to increase oil recovery. The tertiary method is by chemical injection with surfactants, polymers, and alkalis, among others. Surfactants (surface active agents) can change the interface tension of insoluble liquids. One of the surfactants that can be used is sodium lignosulfonate (SLS). In this study, sodium lignosulfonate surfactant was made from lignin as raw material isolated from black liquor. In this study, the surfactant sodium lignosulfonate was reacted with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a polymer so that it became a polymeric surfactant. The surfactant polymer that has been synthesized can control oil mobility due to its viscous nature in aqueous solutions. This study examines the effect of the molecular weight of polyethylene glycol and sodium lignosulfonate, temperature, the concentration of ammonium persulfate catalyst, the weight ratio of polyethylene glycol and sodium lignosulfonate. FTIR test results on sodium lignosulfonate surfactant have a wavelength of 3369 cm−1 hydroxyl groups -OH, 1593 cm−1 -C=O aromatic groups, 1456 cm−1 -S = O groups, 1423 cm−1 -CH aromatic groups, 1216 cm−1 asymmetric SO2 groups, =C= S, and 1102cm−1 symmetric groups SO2=C=S. The compatibility test of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) shows that SLS is compatible with the formation of water. Filtration test of enhanced oil recovery shows that SLS using membrane 42 produces greater FR solution.

Kelangkaan bahan bakar merupakan masalah penting saat ini, sehingga diperlukan berbagai alternatif pemecahan masalah. Salah satunya dengan sistem biodigester anaerob, limbah peternakan burung puyuh dapat menghasilkan biogas, sebagai sumber energi terbarukan (renewable energy). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu dan perbandingan antara volume pelarut dengan berat kotoran burung puyuh terhadap pembuatan biogas dari limbah burung puyuh. (2) Untuk mengetahui waktu optimum dan perbandingan optimum antara volume pelarut dengan berat kotoran burung puyuh. Metodelogi Penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisa varian dua sisi, dengan variable pertama waktu pembentukan biogas dan variable kedua adalah perbandingan volume pelarut dengan berat kotoran burung puyuh. Penelitian dilakukan dengan membuat pengenceran volume pelarut berupa air dan berat kotoran burung puyuh dengan perbandingan: 3:1, 3:2, 3:3, 3:4 sebanyak 4 buah dengan perbedaan waktu 2 minggu, 3 minggu, 4 minggu, 5 minggu. Hasil dari produksi biogas yang terbaik direkomendasikan pada penelitian perbandingan rasio 3:2 dengan waktu 5 minggu yang mampu menghasilkan biogas paling besar yaitu sebesar 130ml. Parameter pengamatan meliputi pH, massa, volume biogas yang terbentukdi digester secara anaerob. Produksi biogas tertinggi diperoleh dari sampel rasio 3:2 waktu 5 minggu, yang terdiri dari 150ml air, 100gram kotoran burung puyuh, dengan waktu 5 minggu mampu menghasilkan 130ml biogas atau sekitar 65% dari volume awalnya.Kata kunci : Biogas, Limbah kotoran burung puyuh, Limbah Organik

Continuing previous research entitled “The Innovation of Making MAG-DAG Biodegradable Surfactants Based on Silkworm Waste: Raw Material for Animal Oil”. So this study aims to determine the kinetics of the reaction. Determining the order of the reaction can only be done experimentally, the second-order reaction is not always bimolecular, but the bimolecular reaction must be of second order. The reaction is carried out at various temperature variations namely 65°C, 75°C, and 85°C at 1 atm pressure. Each interval of one hour, samples were taken from the process up to 4 hours of reaction time, to then be analyzed the residual content of triglycerides in each sample. The results showed that the higher the reaction temperature, the faster the reaction. Further analysis showed that the reaction that occurred was an alternating second-order reaction, the deviation was respectively 8.84% and 16.71%, with the values of k1 and k2 : k 1 = 1 , 1625   × 10 5 exp ( − 6946 , 06 T ) ( L mol .s ) k 2 = 7 , 4306 exp ( − 4038 , 74 T ) ( L mol .s ) The general equation for the reaction speed of pupa oil glycerolysis is r = k1 (CA) (CB) – k2 (CC) (CD)

The formation of urinary stones is a serious problem worldwide. Struvite (MgNH4PO4.6H2O) is known as one of the main components of the stones. Traditionally, herbal extracts treatment is recommended. This paper discusses the effects of Orthosiphon aristatus Bl.Miq leaves extract (OA) on struvite crystals grown by diffusion gel method. After three weeks the crystals were separated from the gel, air dried and stored for characterisation. The crystals exhibit different morphologies depending upon the location of growth. It was found that OA caused the crystals to have noticeable surface defects, discolorisation and fragmentation. Also, OA (up to 5.0%) decreased the growth rate. XRD analysis confirms struvite crystallinity. Pure crystals and those grown with OA showed identical XRD pattern, indicating that the crystalline nature may be unaffected. For crystals with OA, FTIR spectrum shifted to higher wave numbers, implying that the various organic compounds in OA might be absorbed on the crystal surface. TG-DTA studies showed similar thermal behaviour for both pure crystals and those with OA. However, the later revealed lower endothermic temperature, indicating lower thermal stability. Fragmentation and lower thermal stability of struvite indicated that OA was a potent inhibitor of struvite and could be effective for urinary stone treatment.

<p><em>Pada penelitian ini dilakukan ekstraksi pektin dengan pelarut HCl yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui variabel yang paling berpengaruh dan kondisi optimum pengambilan pektin dari albedo semangka dengan proses ekstraksi. Pektin yang dihasilkan diharapkan sesuai dengan standar mutu IPPA (International Pectin Producers Association). Percobaan dilakukan dengan mengeringkan albedo semangka dan diekstraksi dengan pelarut HCl. Larutan hasil ekstraksi disaring untuk memisahkan ampas dengan filtrat. Filtrat kemudian ditambah aceton. Setelah tercampur merata, filtrat didiamkan hingga terbentuk endapan, kemudian disaring dan dikeringkan dalam oven. Pektin kering ditimbang beratnya dan dianalisis kadar metoksil dan galakturonat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang paling berpengaruh adalah variabel waktu dengan kondisi optimum pada waktu 80 menit, suhu 90^oC dan pelarut HCl 0,05 N menghasilkan rendemen pektin 46,72%. Pektin yang dihasilkan memiliki kadar metoksil 4,65% dan kadar galakturonat 40,7% sehingga pektin sesuai dengan standar mutu IPPA</em></p>