Recently, the increase in fuel oil demand was not supported by petroleum production due to the low productivity of old wells. Furthermore, an appropriate technology, such as Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technology, is needed to maximize the productivity of the old well. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to synthesize a polymeric surfactant for the EOR process from sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in various SLS to PEG ratios, namely 1:1 (PS1), 1:0.8 (PS2), and 1:0.5 (PS3). The surfactants were characterized using several methods, such as Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), compatibility, stability, viscosity, and phase behavior tests. The performance of the surfactants for the EOR process in different brine solution concentrations (16,000 ppm and 20,000 ppm) was also studied. The result showed that the introduction of the PEG molecule to the surfactant had been successfully conducted as FT-IR analysis confirmed. The surfactant's hydrophilicity increased with the introduction of PEG due to the increase of the ether group. A Winsor Type I or lower phase microemulsion was formed due to the high hydrophilicity. The highest oil yield (79 %) was obtained by PS1 surfactant, which has the highest PEG dosage, in a brine solution of 1,600 ppm. Therefore, it was concluded that the introduction of PEG could increase the hydrophilicity, viscosity, and EOR performance.
The process of extracting oil from oil wells still uses the premier and secondary methods, another method that is not optimal is the tertiary method to increase oil recovery. The tertiary method is by chemical injection with surfactants, polymers, and alkalis, among others. Surfactants (surface active agents) can change the interface tension of insoluble liquids. One of the surfactants that can be used is sodium lignosulfonate (SLS). In this study, sodium lignosulfonate surfactant was made from lignin as raw material isolated from black liquor. In this study, the surfactant sodium lignosulfonate was reacted with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a polymer so that it became a polymeric surfactant. The surfactant polymer that has been synthesized can control oil mobility due to its viscous nature in aqueous solutions. This study examines the effect of the molecular weight of polyethylene glycol and sodium lignosulfonate, temperature, the concentration of ammonium persulfate catalyst, the weight ratio of polyethylene glycol and sodium lignosulfonate. FTIR test results on sodium lignosulfonate surfactant have a wavelength of 3369 cm−1 hydroxyl groups -OH, 1593 cm−1 -C=O aromatic groups, 1456 cm−1 -S = O groups, 1423 cm−1 -CH aromatic groups, 1216 cm−1 asymmetric SO2 groups, =C= S, and 1102cm−1 symmetric groups SO2=C=S. The compatibility test of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) shows that SLS is compatible with the formation of water. Filtration test of enhanced oil recovery shows that SLS using membrane 42 produces greater FR solution.
Indonesia is a country rich in diversity of food types. One of them is Lumpia, which is a typical Semarang food. In this study, the analysis of HACCP in the production of Lumpia has comprehensively explained. The writing method used is a literature review and visualization of information from various types of literature. The analysis carried out in this study consists of 2 steps, namely the analysis of potential hazards and the implementation phase of HACCP, which consists of forming a HACCP team with internal and external recruitment systems, explaining product specifications, determining flow charts by recording the entire process from receiving raw materials to products. Besides, potential hazards in raw materials and additives have also analyzed. The results showed that Lumpia Semarang had implemented HACCP application rules very well, and its products are very safe for consumption. Lumpia Semarang needs to improve the rules for proper processing, especially in the provision of sanitation facilities and material preparation. In addition, the acceptance of raw materials and frying are two critical stages that have high contamination potential. With this study, it expected that the Lumpia production process, which included in the critical stages, could run well and safely, to produce healthy products for consumption.
Chemical injection in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) with surfactants is known to reduce the value of Interfacial Tension (IFT) of oil and water which can increase oil mobility. EOR has been considered a promising technology to increase national oil production through the revitalization of existing wells in Indonesia, particularly in the Ledok field, Cepu. This study aims to test core flooding on a laboratory scale with EOR surfactant from biomass waste pulp industry, Black Liquor, from Sodium Lignosulfonate (SLS) on porous sandstone media. SLS is produced from lignin which is isolated from Black Liquor waste. In this study, crude oil from Ledok, Cepu, Central Java was used which was characterized first. To determine the effectiveness of surfactant performance before core flooding, several tests such as water stability test, IFT test, CMC (Critical Miselization Concentration) test, and filtration test have been carried out. For the core flooding test, a 1.5% surfactant concentration is injected continuously at 70°C. The core flooding results show that the compatibility test shows that SLS is compatible with Ledok’s natural formation water. Filtration tests show that SLS using membrane 42 produces larger FR solutions. The core flooding test results showed the best reservoir temperature for SLS surfactants was formulated at 70°C with a recovery of 87%. Therefore, the results show that SLS surfactants show promising results for sandstone media. Important for this research is the hydrodynamic study, studying the correlation flow rate of 4.06 Cm/sec, giving the Reynold value in the best porous medium of 0.3, and the best yield of 75% w/w.
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