RESUMO:O Brasil é um importante país exportador de carne de frango, e grande parte de seu destino são países com restrições específicas de alojamento, relacionadas ao bem-estar das aves. Um dos poluentes aéreos freqüentemente encontrados em altas concentrações nos aviários, principalmente em ambientes fechados, é a amônia. Existem evidências de que o bem-estar de frangos de corte pode ser comprometido pela exposição contínua a esse poluente dentro dos galpões de alojamento. Este trabalho visou a estimar o bem-estar para frangos de corte alojados, a partir de atributos específicos do ambiente térmico e da densidade de aves, em função da concentração de amônia e luminosidade no ambiente de alojamento, utilizando a Teoria dos Conjuntos Fuzzy. Os resultados mostraram que o melhor valor de bem-estar (0,89 na escala: 0-1), aproximadamente 90% do ideal, foi encontrado nas condições que associam o ambiente térmico ideal, com densidade entre 13-15 aves m -2 , com valores de concentração de amônia no ambiente abaixo de 5 ppm, e com luminosidade ambiente próxima de 1 lx. Utilizando o método preditivo, foi possível estimar o bem-estar de frangos de corte com relação à concentração de amônia no galpão e a sua luminosidade. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: qualidade de ar, ambiente de alojamento, lógica Fuzzy. ESTIMATING BROILER WELFARE AS FUNCTION OF AMMONIA CONCENTRATION AND LIGHT LEVEL INSIDE HOUSINGABSTRACT: Brazil is an important poultry meat export country, and large parts of its destination are countries with specific rearing restrictions related to broiler's welfare. One of the aerial pollutants mostly found in high concentrations in closed poultry housing environment is ammonia. There are evidences that broilers welfare may be compromised by the continuous exposition to this pollutant in rearing housing. This research aimed to estimate broilers welfare reared under specific thermal environmental attributes and bird's density, as function of the ammonia concentration and light intensity inside the housing environment using the Fuzzy Theory. Results showed that the best welfare value (0.89 in the scale: 0-1) approximately 90% of the ideal was found in the conditions that associated the ideal thermal environment, with bird's density between 13-15 birds m -2 , with values of the ammonia concentration in the environment below 5 ppm, and light intensity near 1 lx. Using the predictive method it was possible to estimate broilers welfare with relation to the ammonia concentration and light intensity in the housing.
RESUMO:A qualidade do ar em ambientes de produção animal vem sendo referenciada como ponto de interesse em estudos de sistema de controle ambiental, focando tanto a saúde dos animais que vivem em total confinamento, quanto a dos trabalhadores. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a variação da qualidade da ambiência aérea em dois tipos de galpões criatórios de frangos de corte: convencional (G c ) e tipo túnel (G t ). Os valores de poeira total, em ambos os galpões, ofereceram condições adequadas às aves; entretanto, as concentrações de poeira respirável no ar estiveram acima do limite recomendado para humanos. A concentração de monóxido de carbono, na fase de aquecimento, esteve acima dos 10 ppm máximos recomendados, no período avaliado, sendo superior na época de frio no galpão G t (30 ppm), comparada ao galpão G c (18 ppm). Os picos de concentração de amônia no ar estiveram acima dos 20 ppm máximos recomendados às aves a partir do 20 o dia de produção, em ambos os galpões, e na média diária, por período superior no galpão G t (4h30), quando comparado ao G c (2h45). Foram encontrados apenas traços de óxido nítrico e metano, enquanto a concentração de gás carbônico, avaliada em condições diurnas, atendeu aos limites máximos permitidos, tanto para aves quanto para o trabalhador.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: avicultura de corte, poluentes aéreos, saúde do trabalhador. AERIAL ENVIRONMENT IN BROILER HOUSING: DUST AND GASESABSTRACT: Air quality in animal production environment has been refereed as an interesting point for studies in environmental control systems with the focus both to the animal health which live in total confinement, as to the workers. The objective of this research was to determine the variation on the aerial environmental quality in two types of broiler housing: conventional (G c ) and tunnel type (G t ). The total dust values in both houses offered adequate rearing conditions to the birds; however, regarding the inhale dust in the air was above the limits recommended for humans. Carbon monoxide concentration in the heating phase during the evaluated period was above the 10 ppm maximum recommended, and it was higher during the cold season in G t house (30 ppm) when compared to the G c house (18 ppm). Ammonia concentration peaks in the air were above the 20 ppm recommended from the 20 th day of production in both houses and in daily average, for a period higher in G t (4h30) when compared to G t (2h45). Only traces of nitrate oxide and methane were found while carbonic dioxide gas concentration evaluated during daytime met the limits allowed for both birds and labor.KEYWORDS: broiler production, aerial pollutant, worker health. INTRODUÇÃOA qualidade do ar em ambientes de produção animal vem sendo referenciada como ponto de interesse em estudos de sistema de controle ambiental, focando tanto a saúde dos animais que vivem em total confinamento, quanto a dos trabalhadores que permanecem de 4 a 8 horas por dia nesse ambiente de trabalho. Dentro do contexto da avicultura moderna, pesquisas mostram a influência dire...
RESUMO:O bem-estar dos animais tem sido importante tópico de pesquisa na produção animal, principalmente no tocante às formas de sua avaliação. Na avaliação do bem-estar animal, a vocalização mostra-se como ferramenta interessante, por fornecer dados de forma não-invasiva, podendo também ser facilmente automatizada. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de implementar algoritmo baseado em redes neurais artificiais, capaz de reconhecer vocalizações relacionadas com padrões indicativos de bem-estar. A pesquisa teve duas partes, sendo a primeira o desenvolvimento do algoritmo, e a segunda, sua validação com dados de campo. Registros prévios permitiram o desenvolvimento do algoritmo, a partir de comportamentos observados em porcas alojadas em gaiolas de maternidade. O software Matlab foi utilizado na implementação da rede. Foi selecionado um algoritmo de gradiente de retropropagação para treinar a rede com os seguintes critérios de parada: máximo de 5.000 iterações ou soma quadrática do erro menor que 0,1. A validação deu-se com porcas e leitões alojados em granja comercial. Dentre os comportamentos usuais, os que mereceram destaque foram: a disputa por alimento no momento das mamadas e o eventual risco de agressão involuntária entre os leitões ou entre esses e a porca. O algoritmo foi capaz de reconhecer, por meio da intensidade do ruído, a situação inerente ao risco de redução do bem-estar dos leitões. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:bem-estar animal, leitões, análise de sinais. THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK IN IDENTIFYING SWINE VOCALIZATIONABSTRACT: Animal welfare has been an important research topic in animal production mainly in its ways of assessment. Vocalization is found to be an interesting tool for evaluating welfare as it provides data in a non-invasive way as well as it allows easy automation of process. The present research had as objective the implementation of an algorithm based on artificial neural network that had the potential of identifying vocalization related to welfare pattern indicatives. The research was done in two parts, the first was the development of the algorithm, and the second its validation with data from the field. Previous records allowed the development of the algorithm from behaviors observed in sows housed in farrowing cages. Matlab software was used for implementing the network. It was selected a retropropagation gradient algorithm for training the network with the following stop criteria: maximum of 5,000 interactions or error quadratic addition smaller than 0.1. Validation was done with sows and piglets housed in commercial farm. Among the usual behaviors the ones that deserved enhancement were: the feed dispute at farrowing and the eventual risk of involuntary aggression between the piglets or between those and the sow. The algorithm was able to identify through the noise intensity the inherent risk situation of piglets' welfare reduction.
Locomotion deficiencies in broiler production cause poor welfare and lead to change in drinking and feeding behavior with consequent loss in weight gain. This research aimed to assess locomotion deficiencies in broiler chicken by analyzing the vertical peak force on both feet during walk. A chamber was built with an inlet ramp, a horizontal walkway in the middle and an outlet ramp. In the walkway a thin mat with piezoelectric crystal sensors was placed to record the step vertical peak force of the feet while walking on the force platform. The measurement system consisted of a mat with electronic sensors and software that allowed real time recording of the forces and the processing and analysis of data. Footage was taken from two digital video cameras and used for gait scoring. Forty male broilers were chosen at random, grown under similar rearing conditions and farms, with age varying from 49 to 28 days (ten birds of same age) to be used in the trial. Measurement consisted of inducing the bird to walk on the force platform which automatically registered the peak vertical force of the steps. Results showed that the gait score increased with the weight and age of the birds. Peak force asymmetry was found for each foot, independent of age or gait score. Although not identified visually in the broilers, the peak vertical force values differed in both right and left feet leading to slow and uneven walking. Walking deficiency was more severe in older birds. Key words: poultry production, gait scoring, feet force measurement, welfare Medida de deficiência locomotora em frango de corte RESUMO: Deficiência em locomoção é hoje um dos problemas mais importantes na produção de frangos de corte. É causa de baixo bem-estar e leva a alteração no comportamento de bebida e alimentação, com conseqüente perda de ganho de peso. Mediram-se deficiências locomotoras em frango de corte por meio da análise do pico de força plantar vertical em ambas as patas, durante a caminhada. Foi construída uma câmara com uma rampa de entrada, uma área horizontal de passagem e uma rampa de saída. Na parte horizontal da área de passagem foi colocado um tapete fino, com elementos sensores de cristal piezoelétrico, para registrar o pico de força vertical das patas do frango quando este caminhava sobre a plataforma. O sistema de mensuração consistiu de um tapete com sensores eletrônicos e um programa computacional que permitiu o registro de forças em tempo real e o processamento e a análise de dados. Imagens de vídeo foram tomadas a partir de duas câmeras digitais para atribuir o gait score. Quarenta frangos machos foram aleatoriamente selecionados em condições similares de alojamento e da mesma granja, com idade variando de 49 a 28 dias (dez de cada idade) e usados no experimento. A medida consistiu em induzir a ave a caminhar sobre a plataforma de força que automaticamente registrava o pico de força da passada. O gait score aumentou com o peso e a idade das aves. Foi encontrada assimetria nos picos de força da cada pata, independente da idade...
International trade in broiler' feet, mainly to Asian markets, has demanded better quality control. The objective of this research was to study the suitability of using chicken footpad surface temperature to determine early lesions of pododermatitis. The project was conducted in two houses A1 and A2) in a commercial farm during one production flock. A1 had reused litter of wood shavings and rice hulls, and A2 had a new litter of sawdust. Both houses had positive pressure ventilation. The inner area of the poultry was virtually divided into three quadrants. The footpads were checked for the feet quality, and a degree of pododermatitis was awarded. Thermal images were made to test the surface temperature of the foot and identify inflammation in a total of 30 birds per house, at ages 5, 19, 29, 28 and 40 days of grow-out. Conditions of the rearing environment as well as the surface temperature of the litter, litter moisture, and degree of compression, were recorded. The environment within the houses did not differ. The surface temperatures of the footpad did not differ between the groups. The minimum footpad surface temperatures within the scores were similar, except for the score 3, which did not occur in A1. There was a prevalence of severe injury in the house with a new litter. KEYWORDS: rearing ambient, sub-clinical lesions, thermal image USO DA TERMOGRAFIA INFRAVERMELHO NA IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE PODODERMATITE EM FRANGO DE CORTERESUMO: O comércio internacional de pés de frangos, sobretudo para os mercados asiáticos, demanda maior controle de qualidade. O objetivo da pesquisa foi estudar o uso de temperatura superficial dos pés de frangos de várias idades, para identificar a presença de lesões de pododermatite. O projeto foi feito em dois galpões de uma granja comercial durante um lote. Os aviários eram similares (A1 e A2). A1 tinha cama reusada de maravalha e casca de arroz e A2, cama nova de pó de serra. Os aviários tinham ventilação de pressão positiva. A área interna dos aviários foi dividida em três quadrantes. Os coxins foram checados para avaliara a qualidade dos pés sendo atribuído o grau de pododermatite. Imagens térmicas foram feitas para testar a temperatura superficial do pé e identificar a lesão em 30 aves por aviário nas idades de 5; 19; 29; 28 e 40 dias. Foram registradas a ambiência do alojamento, a temperatura da cama e sua compactação. O ambiente dos aviários não diferiu. As temperaturas superficiais dos pés das aves não diferiram entre os grupos. As temperaturas superficiais mínimas dentro dos escores eram similares, com exceção do escore 3, que não teve em A1. Houve prevalência de mais injúrias severas no aviário com cama nova.
Pain is considered a condition that most affect the welfare of animals and its measurement is seen as a difficult task. This research aimed to determine the level of pain in pigs by their vocalization. It was recorded the vocalizations of 20 male piglets under normal circumstances (I), marking by Australian method (II), tail trimming management (III), and castration (IV). A unidirectional microphone and a digital recorder were used to record the sound signals. The results suggested that Pitch frequency (Hz), the maximum amplitude (Pa), and intensity (dB) increased from pain-free pigs to the marking procedure; and from marking to both tail trimming and castration The tail trimming and castration vocal response did not differ.
In tropical poultry-producing countries, poultry houses usually have little environmental control. This study investigated the effect of dietary vitamin D on the incidence of leg abnormalities of a fast-growing broiler strain reared under harsh conditions. In this study, 300 one-day-old male broilers were distributed in two treatments with three replicates of 50 birds each. One group was fed a placebo and the other group was fed 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OH-D3) in a soluble form. The environmental variables were weekly recorded during until birds were 49 days old. Birds were weekly gait scored, and their walking speed and vertical force while walking were assessed. Post-mortem examination was performed and skeletal lesions were assessed. Control birds presented more leg problems than those that ingested 25-OH-D3. These results suggest that dietary vitamin D is effective in decreasing the severity of lameness by reducing tibial dyschondroplasia and other leg abnormalities. INTRODUCTIONIt has been reported that the low locomotor activity of broilers coupled to their high initial growth rate of broilers results in leg problems and gait abnormalities. Long times spent sitting on wet litter may cause breast and leg skin lesions, which may contribute for the deterioration of the flock well-being (McGeown et al., 1999;Vestergaard & Sanotra, 1999;Weeks et al., 2000;Bokkers & Koene, 2004;Bessei, 2006). A causal interrelationship between the rapid growth broiler strains, low locomotor activity and leg problems has been discussed in current literature (Julian, 1998;Vestergaard & Sanotra, 1999;Kestin et al., 2001;Sanotra et al., 2001;Bokkers & Koene, 2003). However, the influence of environmental and management-related factors, such as heat stress, light intensity, age, stocking density and diet on the incidence of leg abnormalities in broiler flocks has also been reported (Edwards Jr., 2000;Edwards Jr., 2003;Dawkins et al., 2004;Bessei, 2006).The most common skeletal problems that cause leg weakness in broilers are tibial dyschondroplasia, chronic painful lameness, chondrodystrophy or angular bone deformities, valgus-varus deformities, spondylolisthesis, rickets, femoral head necrosis, curled toes, and ruptured gastrocnemius tendon (Angel, 2007). Lameness in broilers with poor gait scores significantly improved after treatment with analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs, which has led to the assumption that the leg problems in broilers are painful (McGeown et al., 1999;Danbury et al., 2000;Weary et al., 2006;Nääs et al., 2009). Several attempts have been made to determine the broilers' locomotor deficiencies (Dawkins et al., 2004) and to increase the walking ability of the birds (Corr et al., 2007).Among the studies to reduce lameness in broilers, some are related to the use of feed additives (Rath et al., 1998)
RESUMO Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida em duas instalações para suínos nas fases de creche e terminação, em duas salas cada, em granjas localizadas no município de (0,84-9,16mg m -3 ) do que nos de terminação (0,84-3,34mg m -3
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