Resumo: Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a existência de formas plurais na transação entre frigoríficos e pecuaristas, observando os determinantes para a escolha das diferentes estruturas de governança. Para tanto, realizaram-se estudos de caso junto a três frigoríficos, tendo as formas plurais de governança como arcabouço teórico. Verificou-se que apenas um dos frigoríficos analisados adota formas plurais para coordenar suas transações de compra do boi gordo, sendo que as outras duas empresas obtiveram a totalidade de seu suprimento de animais mediante transações no mercado spot. Os condicionantes da adoção de formas plurais estiveram alinhados ao modelo teórico, sendo as variáveis ambiguidade, complexidade e comportamento estratégico determinantes para a escolha da estrutura de governança da empresa. Para as outras duas empresas, notou-se pouca ou nenhuma ambiguidade e complexidade nas transações, bem como a inexistência de motivações estratégicas para o uso de formas plurais. As principais vantagens dessa estratégia de coordenação encontradas no presente estudo foram: (i) redução na assimetria de informações; (ii) vantagens de escala e maior poder de barganha no mercado spot; (iii) ganhos de flexibilidade para o abastecimento de diferentes canais de distribuição e (iv) efeitos de aprendizado cruzado. Palavras-chaves:Formas plurais, comercialização, carne bovina.

This article builds on new institutional economics to characterize the functions played by meso‐institutions in bridging the gap between the macro‐institutional layer at which general rules are established and the micro‐institutional layer within which transactions are organized. The argument is substantiated through a comparative analysis of the regulatory settings designed to secure the safety of raw milk in Brazil, Canada, and Italy. We show that similar rules may lead to very different operational impact, depending on the arrangements through which these rules are implemented. The analysis also points out some consequences for the organization of supply chains and public policies.

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Why do firms concomitantly rely on more than one organizational arrangement to procure/distribute a given input/product? In this paper, we systematically review and discuss the extensive path undergone by the literature exploring this issue: the so‐called plural forms. We address two main questions: how to explain the coexistence (and often the prevalence) of plural forms in many types of businesses? Are plural forms stable or a transitory phenomenon? We describe the most prominent motivations identified in the economics and management literature that drive firms to adopt plural forms and show that their vast majority are related to the mitigation of various types of agency/transaction costs. We also demonstrate that most of the available pieces of empirical evidence suggest the stability of plural forms over time. We conclude by demonstrating the path that has been trailed by the most recent developments.

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PurposeThis paper investigates the incentives to coffee farmers to participate in certification schemes that require improved agricultural practices.Design/methodology/approachThe authors ran a choice experiment among 250 Brazilian coffee farmers in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.FindingsThe authors’ findings show that both cash and non-cash payments are likely to incentive farmers' participation in a certification scheme. Besides price premium, incentives as long-term contracts and provision of technical would encourage producers to adopt eco-certification schemes. Our results also suggest that non-cash payments may be appropriate substitutes to a price premium to some extent.Research limitations/implicationsThe large coffee producers are over-represented in our sample compared to the population of Brazilian coffee farms. However, it seems reasonable to focus on these producers, as they are usually the ones who individually adopt strategies, since small farmers are induced by collective strategies (e.g. cooperatives).Social implicationsThe result regarding technical assistance makes sense given that Brazilian farmers generally have poor access to rural extension services.Originality/valueWe contributed in the literature about adoption of sustainable agriculture practices analyzing the requirements and motivations for farmer participation in certification schemes. We also contribute private and public strategies to encourage the adoption of sustainable practices.

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