Resumo: Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a existência de formas plurais na transação entre frigoríficos e pecuaristas, observando os determinantes para a escolha das diferentes estruturas de governança. Para tanto, realizaram-se estudos de caso junto a três frigoríficos, tendo as formas plurais de governança como arcabouço teórico. Verificou-se que apenas um dos frigoríficos analisados adota formas plurais para coordenar suas transações de compra do boi gordo, sendo que as outras duas empresas obtiveram a totalidade de seu suprimento de animais mediante transações no mercado spot. Os condicionantes da adoção de formas plurais estiveram alinhados ao modelo teórico, sendo as variáveis ambiguidade, complexidade e comportamento estratégico determinantes para a escolha da estrutura de governança da empresa. Para as outras duas empresas, notou-se pouca ou nenhuma ambiguidade e complexidade nas transações, bem como a inexistência de motivações estratégicas para o uso de formas plurais. As principais vantagens dessa estratégia de coordenação encontradas no presente estudo foram: (i) redução na assimetria de informações; (ii) vantagens de escala e maior poder de barganha no mercado spot; (iii) ganhos de flexibilidade para o abastecimento de diferentes canais de distribuição e (iv) efeitos de aprendizado cruzado. Palavras-chaves:Formas plurais, comercialização, carne bovina.

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1Cepea/Esalq/USP -Doutor em Administração e Pesquisador Cepea -Rua Professor Salvador Silveira de Moraes, 229. Casa 655, Jardim Noiva da Colina -CEP: 13420-705, Piracicaba (SP), Brasil 2 Esalq/USP -Professor Doutor LES-ESALQ/USP -Avenida Centenário, 1080, São Dimas -CEP: 13416-000, Piracicaba (SP), Brasil ResumoAs atividades relativas à pecuária bovina de corte no Brasil possuem grande destaque, dado que o país possui o maior rebanho comercial do mundo, sendo o segundo maior produtor e o maior exportador mundial de carne bovina. A principal característica no desenvolvimento dessa atividade no País é a heterogeneidade nos sistemas de produção e nos mecanismos de gestão e de comercialização do gado. A Pecuária brasileira tem passado por grandes mudanças nos últimos anos. Na indústria, a profissionalização levou as empresas à abertura de capital, a internacionalização, a diversificação das atividades e produtos e, como consequência num mercado oligopolizado, à concentração do setor. Dentro da porteira, o setor produtivo também tem conseguido avanço, no emprego de tecnologias, diversificação de atividades e novas formas de comercialização, com a indústria de insumos e os frigoríficos. O futuro do mercado de gado de corte, assim como para todo o agronegócio brasileiro é promissor, devido principalmente a disponibilidade de terra e água presentes no território nacional para se produzir carne e ofertar ao mundo. Palavras-chave: bovinocultura de corte, mercado, comercialização AbstractThe activities related to cattle in Brazil are very important, given that the country has the largest commercial herd in the world, being the second largest producer and the world's largest exporter of beef. The main characteristic in the development of this activity in the country is the heterogeneity in the systems of production and in the mechanisms of management and commercialization of cattle. The Brazilian cattle has undergone major changes in recent years. In the industry, professionalization led companies to open up capital, internationalization, diversification of activities and products and, as a consequence, in an oligopolized market, to the concentration of the sector. In the farms, the productive sector has also achieved progress, in the use of technologies, diversification of activities and new forms of commercialization, with the input industry and the slaughterhouses. The future of the beef cattle market, as well as for all Brazilian agribusiness is promising, mainly due to the availability of land and water present in the national territory to produce meat and offer to the world. Keywords: beef cattle, market, commercialization IntroduçãoO sistema agroindustrial da pecuária é uma das atividades mais importantes do agronegócio nacional -em 2015, representou 6,82% do PIB brasileiro (Cepea, 2016b).As atividades relativas à pecuária bovina de corte possuem destaques, dado que o País

-This study evaluated the performance of 21 beef cattle modal production systems that conduct only the raising phase. These production systems were developed in 21 municipalities in seven Brazilian states. We used two different DEA BCC models, corresponding to different points of view. Firstly we used an economic model that measured the ability of a production system to generate revenue with the preservation of native forest, using labor, capital, and current spending as inputs. The socio-environmental approach, corresponding to the second BCC model, uses the production factor labor as an output. In that model our interest was to assess whether the capital costs generate economic, environmental, and social benefits. Weight restrictions were imposed on the output variables of each model to explain the proposed viewpoints and to avoid inconsistent results. The results pointed out sources of inefficiency in terms of labor with low qualification, and use of bulls of questionable quality, factors that are common in extensive systems. These are some of the major bottlenecks in animal production systems as a whole.

ABSTRACT. The cow-calf beef production sector in Brazil has a wide variety of operating systems. This suggests the identification and the characterization of homogeneous regions of production, with consequent implementation of actions to achieve its sustainability. In this paper we attempted to measure the performance of 21 livestock modal production systems, in their cow-calf phase. We measured the performance of these systems, considering husbandry and production variables. The proposed approach is based on data envelopment analysis (DEA). We used unitary input DEA model, with apparent input orientation, together with the efficiency measurements generated by the inverted DEA frontier. We identified five modal production systems typologies, using the isoefficiency layers approach. The results showed that the knowledge and the processes management are the most important factors for improving the efficiency of beef cattle production systems.

Brazilian beef systems contribute 14.9% of global beef production, therefore given climate change concerns, there is a clear need to reduce environmental impacts while maintaining economic viability. This study evaluated the hypothesis that steroid implant use in Brazilian beef cattle would reduce resource use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and economic costs of production, thereby improving environmental and economic sustainability. A deterministic model based on beef cattle population demographics, nutrition and performance was used to quantify resource inputs and GHG emissions per 1.0 x 10 6 kg of hot carcass weight (HCW) beef. System boundaries extended from cropping input manufacture to cattle arriving at the slaughterhouse. Beef systems were modeled using herd population dynamics, feed and performance data sourced from producers in four Brazilian states, with additional data from global databases. Implants were used in calves, growing and finishing cattle at low (LI), medium (MI) and high (HI) levels of performance enhancement, compared to non-implanted (NI) controls. Feed use results were used in combination with producer-derived input costs to assess the economic impacts of implant use, including production costs and returns on investment. Improved FCE, ADG and carcass weights conferred by implant use reduced the number of cattle and the time taken to produce 1.0 x 10 6 kg HCW beef. Compared to NI controls, the quantities of feed, land, water and fossil fuels required to produce 1.0 x 10 6 kg HCW beef was reduced in implanted cattle, with reductions proportional to the performance-enhancing effect of the implant (HI > MI > LI). Implant use reduced GHG emissions per 1.0 x 10 6 kg HCW beef by 9.4% (LI), 12.6% (MI) or 15.8% (HI). Scaling up the MI effects to represent all eligible Brazilian cattle being implanted, revealed avoided GHG emissions equivalent to the annual exhaust emissions of 62.0 x 10 6 cars. Economic impacts of implant use reflected the environmental results, resulting in a greater margin for the producers within each system (cow-calf through to finishing). The 6.13% increase in kg of HCW beef produced generates a cost reduction of 3.76% and an increase in the return on invested capital of 4.14% on average. Implants offer the opportunity for Brazilian beef producers to demonstrate their dedication to improving environmental and economic sustainability through improved productivity, although care must be taken to avoid negative trade-offs.

Morgulis. p. cm.-(IDB Working Paper Series ; 765) Includes bibliographic references. 1. Industrial productivity-Government policy-Brazil. 2. Industrial policy-Brazil. 3. Technological innovations-Government policy-Brazil.

Carvalho, T. B. (2016). Estratégias de crescimento e reestruturação da indústria de carne bovina no Brasil: o papel de políticas públicas discricionárias. Tese de Doutorado.