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Medicinal plants have been the major source of combating and treating infectious diseases and health disorders throughout the ages. To explore new sources of inexpensive and safe antioxidants and antibiotics. The antioxidant and antibacterial potential of different extracts Syzygium mytifolium (Roxb.) Walp. were evaluated through 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), ?-glucosidase inhibition, disk diffusion and agar well methods. The leaves, bark, root and whole plant of Syzygium mytifolium were extracted with various solvents viz ethanol, methanol and aqueous to give crude extracts, respectively. Among all, the ethanolic extract showed high antioxidant activity in terms of radical scavenging activity, reducing power and alpha-glucosidase inhibition at 1.84 µg/ml, 40.2 mmol/gm and 14.34 µg/ml, respectively. All the tested parts of the plant exhibited moderate to higher range of antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens with the inhibition zones ranged between 2-27.8 mm. Syzygium mytifolium will serve as a very good source for the development of antioxidant supplements and antibiotics for addressing infectious pathogens and improvement of health status.

Background Humans have used plants as a safe and effective medicine for a wide range of ailments ever since the earliest days of civilization. Calotropis procera potential as a treatment for a variety of ailments has been known for quite some time. This xerophytic, upright shrub grows to a height of about 6 m and can be found in the tropics of Africa and Asia. Its parts have been used to cure a variety of ailments, including rheumatism, fever, dysentery, diabetes, malaria, asthma, and many more. Here, we provide a synopsis of the available biological data and discuss the possible ways in which Calotropis procera could be used as a novel platform for the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Main body High antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antianalgesic, antimicrobial, antimalaria, antidiabetic, wound-healing, hepato-protective, nerve-recovery, antiulcer, insecticidal, and anticancer effects have been observed in the latex. The research also found that excessive intake has negative health effects. Conclusion The review discovered that the biological evaluation of C. procera in vitro and in vivo animal models was well documented. Human safety and efficacy, however, have yet to be thoroughly tested, and additional well-designed clinical trials are required to confirm preclinical findings. It is essential to establish a standard dose and assure its safety.

Garcinia kola belongs to the Garcinia genus of the Clusiaceae family and Malpighiales order. It contains more than 180 members all over the globe. It is found all over Asia and in tropical African countries. In Africa, traditionally, G kola is used to manage and treat cancer, diabetes, malaria, analgesics, hypertension, and other numerous ailments. This review aimed to comprehensively update relevant information regarding the pharmacological potential of Garcinia kola. Electronic databases such as ScienceDirect, PubMed, Wiley, Google Scholar, Hindawi, and Springer extracted valuable information from original scientific research papers. Inclusion Criteria. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antibacterial, medications, antiviral, traditional medicine, ethnopharmacology, toxicity, cytotoxic action, chemical composition, mineral elements, GCMS analysis, and any other related phrases were used as filters to find studies. Exclusion Criteria. Data from questionable online sources, as well as thesis reports and review publications, were excluded from this investigation. The investigation revealed that seeds of G. kola are very efficient as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antihypertension, antianalgesic, and anti-inflammatory. The study also found that too much consumption of the seeds caused low fertility and toxicity. However, the safety and efficacy of G. kola have not been wholly assessed in humans, and further well-designed clinical trials are needed to corroborate preclinical findings. The mechanism of action of the seed extract should be examined. The standard dose and safety of the seed should be established.

The conversion of roselle calyx into a dried extract without decreasing its consistency is a challenge, given the perishability of the calyx and instability of anthocyanin, which can quickly degrade and develop colored or unwanted brown colors because of its high reactivity. The most critical factors influencing anthocyanins' stability are pH, temperature, light and post-harvest-related enzymes. Besides, the calyx suffered wound injury when removing seed from the calyx, causing stress and eventually, microbial degradation. Nonetheless, mature anthocyanins stimulate plants by responding to stress, especially drought, high salinity, excess light and injury; it is also correlated with improved stress resistance as the genes of individual plants are triggered under these conditions modulate anthocyanin biosynthesis. This work investigates the stability and potential role of roselle anthocyanin in post harvest deterioration. Anthocyanin stability can, therefore, be achieved by maintaining low pH and temperature, acylation, glycosylation, copigmentation and encapsulation. In the quest for roselle deterioration biomarkers, the detection of critical enzymes, such as Chalcone synthase CHS and FH3 Flavanone 3 hydroxylase, would offer insight into the genetic modification of anthocyanin.

Medicinal plants have aided in the establishment and expansion of the modern healthcare system. Plants with medicinal potential are still the only way forward, as their acceptance and recognition spread over the globe. Ethnobotany is an interdisciplinary field that studies how people use plants in their daily lives. Nigeria accounted for roughly 20% of Africa's population and slightly more than half of West Africa's projected 681,000 new cancer cases in 2008, accounting for roughly 20% of the continent's population and slightly more than half of West Africa's. For pharmaceutical exploration and conservation, it is important to document the use of medicinal plants in a specific region across time. The study's goal was to find out which plants were used to treat Cancer in Mubi, Northern eastern part of Nigeria. An open ended interview was employed with no sampling size selection. Used Value (UV), Fidelity level (FL) and Relative frequency of citation (RFC) were used to determine the most important and effective plants used for treatment of cancer. Ten plants were documented with Neolamarckia cadamba  has 0.9, 1 and 100 % of UV, RFC and FL, respectively. The study will serve as a foundation for subsequent research into developing natural medicine or modern medications to prevent the extinction of the species.

Waste from the food is a challenge to the environment all over the globe, hence there is need to be recycled. Vegetables and fruits biomass is a resource of renewable energy with significant fuel source potential for the production of electricity and steam, fuel for consumption and laboratory solvents. Bioethanol derived from biomass contributed 10–14% of the total world energy supply and solved the world crisis such as global warming and depletion of fossil fuel. Presently, bioethanol is a global issue on the efforts to reduced global pollution, contributed significantly by the petroleum or diesel combustion or combination of both. Vegetables and fruits waste significantly contains high sugar which can be utilized and serve as a raw material in the production of renewable energy using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Though 80% of the current bioethanol are generated from edible materials such as starch and sugar. Biomass from lignocellulosic gathered more attention recently. The objective of this review is to account for the procedures involved in the production of bioethanol from biomass of fruits and vegetable waste through a fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this chapter, we discussed the biomass preparation and fermentation techniques for bioethanol and reviewed the results of different fruits and vegetable waste. We found pineapple and orange fruit biomass contain a higher amount of bioethanol and easier to extract than the other fruit and vegetable wastes. Recent review coined out that dry biomass of fruit and vegetable is a promising feedstock in the utilization of bioethanol production.

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