Cadmium (Cd) is one of non-essential heavy metals which is released into environment naturally or anthropogenically. It is highly persistent toxic metals that are exceptionally distressing industrial and agriculture activities by contaminating soil, water and food. Its long-duration endurance in soil and water results in accumulation and uptake into plants, leading to the food chain. This becomes a serious global problem threatening humans and animals as food chain components. Living organisms, especially humans, are exposed to Cd through plants as one of the main vegetative food sources. This review paper is concentrated on the symptoms of the plants affected by Cd toxicity. The absorption of Cd triggers several seen and unseen symptoms by polluted plants such as stunted growth, chlorosis, necrosis and wilting. Apart from that, factors that affect the uptake and translocation of Cd in plants are elaborated to understand the mechanism that contributes to its accumulation. By insight of Cd accumulation, this review also discussed the phytoremediation techniques-phytoextraction, phytostimulation, phytostabilization, phytovolatization and rhizofiltration in bioremediating the Cd.
Histological and morphometric results showed that high-power, low-energy application has the best effect when first applied 24 hours post-wounding (late inflammatory, early proliferative stage) as demonstrated by increases in granulation tissue, fibroblasts and collagen deposition, which lead to faster rates of wound contraction and thus accelerated healing.
Field studies to examine the phytoremediation potential of some plants for metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) in metals contaminated soils of Challawa industrial estate, Kano has been carried out. A total of one hundred and eighty (180) samples comprising of 80 (soils), 20 (effluents), and 80 (plant parts) of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Baobab (Adansonia digitata) were analyzed. 0.50g of the plant tissue and 1.0g of soil sample and 50mL of the effluent sample were digested using triacid digestion method and the levels of the metals were determined by the use of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean levels of the metals in plants and soils from contaminated and control sites were found to be in the sequence of Fe (406.27±45.93)> Zn (137.20±8.00)> Cu (118.60±0.00)> Cd (62.57±6.86)> Mn (21.53±1.79)> Ni (14.36±2.22)> Cr (13.73±1.79)> Pb (12.80±0.00) and Fe (130.23±18.01)> Zn (65.36±4.90)> Cu (26.22±5.50)> Cd (23.08±2.43)> Ni (5.70±0.00)> Mn (4.86±2.21)> Cr (4.80±2.10)> Pb (3.03±1.50) respectively. The contamination factor (CF) of all the metals in the plants were found to be in the sequence of Cd (8.45±1.42)> Cu (2.52±1.00)> Cr (2.28±0.00)> Zn (1.80±1.19)> Fe (1.56±0.00)> Pb (1.49±0.11)> Mn (1.09±0.18)> Ni (1.00±0.06). The results showed that these plants can be used for the phytoextraction of the metals from contaminated soils. The values of bioaccumulation and translocation factors were also found to be more than one in almost all cases. From these results it could be recommended that the three plants investigated would be ideal for phytoremediation in multi-metal contaminated soils.
Abstract-Waste discharges into River Challawa in Kano, Nigeria is posing serious environmental hazards. The present study was therefore designed to examine the potentials of Jatropha (Jatrophacurcas), Neem (Azadirachtaindica) and Baobab (Adansoniadigitata) for phytoremediation of some heavy metalsin the industrially contaminated soils of Challawain Kano, Nigeria. The plants were grown under hydroponic greenhouse conditions for thirteen weeks andlevels of metals in plants, soil and effluent water were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The mean concentrations of the metals ranged from 4.33±0.02mg/kg Pb to 453.15 ±42.32mg/kg Feand 2.6 ± 0.01 mg/kg to 114.6 ± 23.24 mg/kg for plants grown in the contaminated and control soils respectively. The bioaccumulation factors (BAC>1) indicates metal contamination of the soils and thus can be used for their phytoextraction. The results suggests that the investigated plants are potentially useful for remediating heavy metals from Challawacont animated soils.
Waste from the food is a challenge to the environment all over the globe, hence there is need to be recycled. Vegetables and fruits biomass is a resource of renewable energy with significant fuel source potential for the production of electricity and steam, fuel for consumption and laboratory solvents. Bioethanol derived from biomass contributed 10–14% of the total world energy supply and solved the world crisis such as global warming and depletion of fossil fuel. Presently, bioethanol is a global issue on the efforts to reduced global pollution, contributed significantly by the petroleum or diesel combustion or combination of both. Vegetables and fruits waste significantly contains high sugar which can be utilized and serve as a raw material in the production of renewable energy using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Though 80% of the current bioethanol are generated from edible materials such as starch and sugar. Biomass from lignocellulosic gathered more attention recently. The objective of this review is to account for the procedures involved in the production of bioethanol from biomass of fruits and vegetable waste through a fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this chapter, we discussed the biomass preparation and fermentation techniques for bioethanol and reviewed the results of different fruits and vegetable waste. We found pineapple and orange fruit biomass contain a higher amount of bioethanol and easier to extract than the other fruit and vegetable wastes. Recent review coined out that dry biomass of fruit and vegetable is a promising feedstock in the utilization of bioethanol production.
Several adverse reports on quality performance drive the need to assess quality management practice in the Nigerian construction industry. Incidences of building failures and in extreme cases, building collapse have been attributed to poor quality management among other factors. This paper assesses the quality management practices of Nigerian construction firms intending to suggest appropriate courses of action for improving quality performance. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to management staff in 20 construction firms in Abuja, Nigeria. Findings from the study show that inspections and statistical quality control techniques are the most widely used quality management tools by construction firms in Nigeria. However, the study found that the preparation of quality management plans (QMP) and quality auditing (a measure of quality assurance in building production), is not popular among Nigerian construction firms. Inadequate planning arrangements for quality, poor communication of quality requirements and lack of awareness of the benefits of quality management were identified as the most significant issues affecting quality management practice. Therefore there is a low uptake of quality management practice principles within construction organizations in Nigeria. Hence, the need to create awareness for implementing quality management principles and concepts in its construction industry. Keywords: Assessment, Construction industry, Nigeria, Quality management, Quality standards
The review article intended to provide an overview of quality variation and various contaminants in locally processed palm oil (PO). The paper also deliberates on the pros and cons of wastes generated during PO processing. There is a serious concern about the quality and safety of crude PO in Nigeria resulting from poor quality raw materials, inadequate processing know-how, inappropriate packaging and storage facilities, poor handling and transportation system and more importantly adulteration by producers and marketers. Wide disparities in the chemical and physical composition were reported in the literature. This may result from the variations in the chemical composition of the palm fruit, environmental factors, variation in processing operations which is determined by the location and abuse during handling and transportation. Microbial contamination is the foremost safety challenge in Nigerian crude PO processing. Higher microbial counts and the presence of toxic microorganisms including aflatoxins-producing fungi were reported by many researchers. Oil palm production in contaminated soil account for PO heavy metals contamination, though, heavy metals contamination below permissible limits was reported in most cases. Wastes generated from PO processing can be detrimental to the environment. Alternately, various benefits can be derived from the proper handling and utilisation of PO processing wastes. Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is a good substrate for the production of organic manure, biomolecules and amendment of oil-contaminated soil. Recommendations on how to tackle various challenges along the PO supply chain were presented at the end of the paper.
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