We demonstrate the use of a high refractive index waveguide structure for waveguide Raman experiments to detect thin (mono)layers of biological macromolecules on top of these waveguides. Theoretically, a combination of a thin, high refractive index layer on top of a low index substrate results in an increase in monolayer signal. A 110-130-nm-thick ZnO layer on top of a SiO 2 substrate was used as a waveguide on which a very thin (8-nm) polystyrene layer could be detected with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of ∼60 for a 60-s integration time. With this waveguide, Raman spectra of a monolayer of the protein bovine albumin and of a dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE) Langmuir-Blodgett monolayer were measured. To our knowledge, this is the first time a waveguide Raman spectrum of a monolayer of protein is reported without resonant enhancement techniques.
Abstrucr-The inclusion of embedded Flash memory in systemson-chip designs enables the addition of many new features. However to enable designers to embed Flash memory in an efficient and competent manner, they must have the capability to simulate full circuit operation. Therefore a flexible Flash EEPROM model is required.An accurate and numerically efficient model for the transient and DC characteristics of Fowler Nordheim (FN) based Flash EEPROM cells has been developed. The model has been extensively validated, using read, program and erase operations. The model has also been applied to several applications, in a typical structure. These display the ability of the model to accelerate the design cycle for applications which require Flash memory.
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