The aim of this study is to prove the effectiveness of IR spectroscopy as an identification test able to discriminate between mineral compounds in mixtures. This work is concerned with the physical characterisation of purified bentonite, bentonite in organic mixtures and organic excipients, and mineralized organic mixture containing bentonite using FT-IR spectroscopy. The different spectra were compared with each other in order to determine fingerprints of bentonite represented by bands located at 3632 cm−1 and 3437 cm−1. The analysis of the spectra of the nonmineralized mixture demonstrates the presence of two bands at 1454 and 2928 cm−1, superimposed on those of the excipients and which disappear after 2 hours of mineralization at 500°C. Finally, we notice a displacement of the stretching band of H2O to the right with increasing the proportion of the excipients.
Since they are natural, plants are wrongly considered nondangerous; therefore people used them in various contexts. Each plant is used alone or in mixture with others, where knowledge and the requirements of preparation and consumption are not mastered. Thus, intoxications due to the use of plants have become more and more frequent. The reports of intoxications made at the Antipoison Center and Pharmacovigilance of Morocco (ACPM) support this finding, since the interrogations suffered by the victims show that the use of plants is practiced irrationally, anarchically, and uncontrollably. Faced by the increase of these cases of poisoning in Morocco, it seemed necessary to investigate the nature of poisonous plants, their monographs, and the chemicals responsible for this toxicity.
Many dyes are contained in plants and are used for coloring a medium. They are characterized by their content of dyes molecules. They stimulate interest because they are part of a sustainable development approach. There are several chemicals families of plant dye which are contained in more than 450 plants known around the world. In this article, a study based on literature allowed us to realize an inventory of the main dyes plants potentially present in Morocco. A list of 117 plants was established specifying their botanical families, chemical Composition, Colors and parts of the plant used.
BackgroundParenteral drug administration plays an important role in hospitals. It is well known that a certain amount of a drug remains at the end of the infusion and is not administered to the patient because of the dead volume: this dead volume could be the origin of an underdosing.PurposeThe aim of this study is to determine the dead volume of the injectable delivery system including the serum bag, perfusion tubulure, syringe and short catheter used for the reconstitution and administration of injectable drugs, and its impact on variation of the prepared doses.Material and methodsWe weighed, using an analytical balance, all the medical devices (serum bag, perfusion tubulure, syringe and short catheter) used in the administration of an injectable drug before and after the passage of an antibiotic solution. We can thus determine the dead volume remaining in each material. Statistical analysis were performed with SPSS 13. 0.ResultsThe table shows that the dead volume differed between medical devices (p<0.001). It was significant for the serum bag and perfusion tubulure, and low for syringes and short catheters. The overall dead volume is estimated at 4.5±1.7 mL.Abstract 3PC-031 Table 1
Medical device
Dead volume mean±
SD (mL) (n
=30
)
Serum bag 2.61±1.71 Syringe 2.5 mL 0.06±0.003 Syringe 5 mL 0.07±0.003 Syringe 10 mL 0. 07±0. 003 Syringe 50 mL 0.09±0.003 Perfusion tubulure 1.74±0.02 Short catheter G22 0.01±0.001 Short catheter G24 0.01±0.003 ConclusionA considerable amount of the infusion volume, and therefore of the antibiotic, depending on the concentration, is lost at the end of the infusion due to the dead volume depending on the medical devices used as demonstrated in this study and in other studies.1 Loss of a potential amount of a drug can constitute a problem regarding safety and efficacy of therapy, especially for drugs with narrow therapeutic margins. This is especially important for the serum bag and perfusion tubulure, where the dead volume is about 2.61 mL and 1.74 mL respectively.References and/or Acknowledgements1. Cheikh A, Rhali Y, Mefetah H, Sbai I, Mojemmi B, Draoui M, Bouatia M. The influence of the dead volume of the closed system (spike–connector–syringe) on the reconstitution of injectable drugs. Eur J Hosp Pharm24(1):A214–A216.No conflict of interest
BackgroundSimultaneous administration of drugs is a common gesture in different care units. This gesture may be causing some major complications for patients. In 1996, serious accidents in premature or newborns concomitantly treated with ceftriaxone and intravenous calcium gluconate were reported in France. In 2002, a death was reported in a newborn after administration of calcium gluconate plus ceftriaxone despite the difference in routes of drugs administration and the difference in time of injection.PurposeWe tried to study the different physicochemical interactions that some antibiotics might have with cationic ions used in injectable form in hospital.Abstract 3PC-010 Table 1
Antibiotic
Ca2+
Mg2+
Fe2+
Gentamicin 80 mg/2 mL * NP NP Flucloxacillin 1 g/2 mL 2.44 10–3 2.58 10–3 5.29 10–7 Amoxicillin+Clavulanic acid 500 mg/62. 5 mL NP NP ** Ceftriaxone 1 g/2 mL 7.93 10–4 7.94 10–3 1.32 10–3 Ceftazidime 1 g/2 mL NP NP 1.79 10–3 Colistin 1000000 IU NP NP NP Ampicillin+Sulbactam 1 g/500 mg NP NP ** Levofloxacin 500 mg/100 mL NP NP NP Teicoplanin 400 mg/2 mL NP NP NP Piperacillin+Tazobactam 4 g/500 mg NP NP ** Ertapenem 1 g/2 mL NP NP 5.10 10–4 Imipenem 500 mg NP NP ** NP: not precipitate. *:precipitation is caused by the salt of the antibiotic (sulphate). **:there is a precipitate but we do not know the antibiotic that is the cause.Material and methodsWe have selected the most consumed antibiotics in our university hospital and we tested them with bivalent cations commonly consumed in care services. The evaluation of the nature of the mixture was made using the solubility product of the melange of antibiotic and cation. We mix 0.5 mL of each cation solution concentrated to 5% and 0.5 mL of each antibiotic solution.ResultsThe solubility product expressed in (mol/l)2 of the melange of each antibiotic with each cation are summarised in the table below:ConclusionKnowledge of drug interactions is essential for a better use of these drugs in hospital. Interactions of certain antibiotics commonly used with bivalent cations can lead to some precipitates undetected by nurses who administer the injectable treatments, which could cause serious accidents during the simultaneous use in patients. The summary of product characteristics of these antibiotics should incorporate these interactions to avoid those unforeseen accidents.References and/or AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements to analytical chemistry team.No conflict of interest
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