BackgroundGenetic improvement in livestock populations can be achieved without significantly affecting genetic diversity if mating systems and selection decisions take genetic relationships among individuals into consideration. The objective of this study was to examine the genetic diversity of two commercial breeds of pigs. Genotypes from 1168 Landrace (LA) and 1094 Large White (LW) animals from a commercial breeding program in Brazil were obtained using the Illumina PorcineSNP60 Beadchip. Inbreeding estimates based on pedigree (Fx) and genomic information using runs of homozygosity (FROH) and the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) by SNP inbreeding coefficient (FSNP) were obtained. Linkage disequilibrium (LD), correlation of linkage phase (r) and effective population size (Ne) were also estimated.ResultsEstimates of inbreeding obtained with pedigree information were lower than those obtained with genomic data in both breeds. We observed that the extent of LD was slightly larger at shorter distances between SNPs in the LW population than in the LA population, which indicates that the LW population was derived from a smaller Ne. Estimates of Ne based on genomic data were equal to 53 and 40 for the current populations of LA and LW, respectively. The correlation of linkage phase between the two breeds was equal to 0.77 at distances up to 50 kb, which suggests that genome-wide association and selection should be performed within breed. Although selection intensities have been stronger in the LA breed than in the LW breed, levels of genomic and pedigree inbreeding were lower for the LA than for the LW breed.ConclusionsThe use of genomic data to evaluate population diversity in livestock animals can provide new and more precise insights about the effects of intense selection for production traits. Resulting information and knowledge can be used to effectively increase response to selection by appropriately managing the rate of inbreeding, minimizing negative effects of inbreeding depression and therefore maintaining desirable levels of genetic diversity.

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-The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for milk, fat and protein yields of Holstein cows using 56,508; 35,091 and 8,326 test-day milk records from 7,015, 4,476 and 1,114 cows, calves of 359, 246 and 90 bulls, respectively. The additive genetic and permanent environmental effects were estimated using REML. Random regression models with Legendre polynomials from order 3 to 6 were used. Residual variances were considered homogeneous over the lactation period. The estimates of variance components showed similar trends, with an increase of the polynomial order for each trait. The heritability estimates ranged from 0.14 to 0.31; 0.03 to 0.21 and 0.09 to 0.33 for milk, fat and protein yield, respectively. Genetic correlations among milk, fat and protein yields ranged from 0.02 to 1.00; 0.34 to 1.00 and 0.42 to 1.00, respectively. Models with higher order Legendre polynomials are the best suited to adjust test-day data for the three production traits studied. herdabilidade variaram, respectivamente, de 0,14 a 0,31; 0,03 a 0,21; e 0,09 a 0,33 para as produções de leite, de gordura e de proteína. As correlações genéticas entre produções de leite, gordura e proteína do leite variaram de 0,02 a 1,00; 0,34 a 1,00 e 0,42 a 1,00, respectivamente. Os modelos com polinômio de Legendre de maior ordem são os mais adequados para ajuste da produção no dia do controle das três características produtivas.Palavras-chave: dia do controle, herdabilidade, produção de gordura, produção de leite, produção de proteína Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia

-It was evaluated statistical models with different assumptions to define the one that best describes the presence of genotype × environment interaction on adjusted post-weaning weight gain (PWG345) of Hereford cattle, through the study of reactions norms to the environment, obtained by random regression using a Bayesian approach.Four reaction norms hierarchical models (RNHM) were used through the INTERGEN program. The RNHM K uses the solutions of contemporary groups previously estimated by the standard animal model (AM) and considers them as environmental level for predicting the reaction norms and the RNHM S , which jointly estimate these two sets of unknowns.For both models, two versions were considered, one with a homogeneous (hm) and another with a heterogeneous (ht) residual variance. Based on the deviance information criterion and Bayes factor, RNHM s hm showed the best fit to the data, and by the deviance based on conditional predictive ordinate, the best fit was the RNHM K ht, whereas, by all the three criteria used, the worst fit was obtained by using the standard animal model. Heritabilities estimated on RNHM were increasing in the environmental gradients for PWG345, at -60 kg, 0 and +60 kg. The genetic correlation estimated between the level and slope of reaction norms was high, from 0.97 to 0.99, characterizing a scale effect on genotype × environment interaction. The reaction norms hierarchical models are efficient to describe the changes in variance components due to the environment and to describe the presence of genotype × environment interaction on PWG345 trait of Hereford cattle.Key Words: adaptability, Bayesian inference, environmental sensitivity, genetic evaluation, random regression Modelos hierárquicos bayesianos para estimativas de interação genótipo × ambiente em ganho pós-desmama de bovinos Hereford via normas de reaçãoRESUMO -Avaliaram-se modelos estatísticos com diferentes pressuposições para definir o que melhor descreva a presença de interação genótipo × ambiente no ganho de peso pós-desmama ajustado (GPD345) de bovinos Hereford, mediante o estudo de normas de reação ao ambiente, obtidas por regressão aleatória, usando uma abordagem bayesiana. Quatro modelos hierárquicos de normas de reação (MHNR) foram empregados por meio do programa INTERGEN. O MHNR K utiliza as soluções de grupos contemporâneos estimadas previamente pelo modelo animal padrão (MA) e as considera como nível ambiental para predizer as normas de reação e o MHNR S , que estima simultaneamente esses dois conjuntos de incógnitas.Para ambos os modelos, foram consideradas duas versões, uma com variância residual homogênea (hm) e outra heterogênea (ht). Pelo critério de informação da deviance e fator de Bayes, o MHRN S hm apresentou melhor ajuste aos dados e, pela deviance baseada na ordenada preditiva condicional, o melhor ajuste foi do MHNR K ht, enquanto, pelos três critérios, o pior ajuste foi obtido pelo modelo animal padrão. As herdabilidades estimadas nos MHNR foram crescentes nos gradientes ambientais em ...

The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in physiological and pathological conditions, and has been extensively evaluated by parametric and non-parametric spectral analysis. To compare the results obtained with fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the autoregressive (AR) method, we performed a comprehensive comparative study using data from humans and rats during pharmacological blockade (in rats), a postural test (in humans), and in the hypertensive state (in both humans and rats). Although postural hypotension in humans induced an increase in normalized low-frequency (LFnu) of systolic blood pressure, the increase in the ratio was detected only by AR. In rats, AR and FFT analysis did not agree for LFnu and high frequency (HFnu) under basal conditions and after vagal blockade. The increase in the LF/HF ratio of the pulse interval, induced by methylatropine, was detected only by FFT. In hypertensive patients, changes in LF and HF for systolic blood pressure were observed only by AR; FFT was able to detect the reduction in both blood pressure variance and total power. In hypertensive rats, AR presented different values of variance and total power for systolic blood pressure. Moreover, AR and FFT presented discordant results for LF, LFnu, HF, LF/HF ratio, and total power for pulse interval. We provide evidence for disagreement in 23% of the indices of blood pressure and heart rate variability in humans and 67% discordance in rats when these variables are evaluated by AR and FFT under physiological and pathological conditions. The overall disagreement between AR and FFT in this study was 43%.

Chemical and mineral composition and the intramuscular fatty acid (IMF) profile of the Longissimus dorsi muscle (LM) of 60 purebred Hereford, 1/4 Braford and 3/8 Braford steers finished either in a feedlot or on improved pastures of the Pampa biome were evaluated. Pastures were improved with the introduction of Lolium multiflorum, Trifolium repens, and Lotus corniculatus. On average, beef from pasture-fed steers presented higher concentrations of the fatty acids C18:3n-3 (P<0.001), C20:3n-3 (P=0.035), total n-3 (P<0.001) and lower n-6/n-3 ratio (P<0.001) in the IMF, and higher Mg and lower K content in muscle relative to those finished in the feedlot. C12:0 concentration in IMF was higher (P=0.027) for 3/8 Braford than the purebred Hereford steers, whereas purebred Herefords presented lower C14:1 (P=0.003) and higher C18:0 (P=0.022) concentrations than the two Braford groups. The meat composition of purebred Hereford and Braford steers was not substantially different; however, beef produced exclusively on improved pastures presented higher concentration of components that are considered beneficial to human health, such as n-3 fatty acids, and a lower n-6/n-3 ratio.

-Total numbers of 56,508, 35,091 and 8,326 records of milk, fat, and protein test-day yields, respectively, were used to estimate genetic parameters for six persistency measures on milk, fat and protein productions of Holstein cows reared in Minas Gerais state. Covariance components for additive genetic effects and permanent environmental effects were estimated by REML in random regression models using Legendre polynomials from the third to the sixth order. Overall, models with the highest orders of Legendre polynomials showed the best quality of adjustments of these productive records. Heritability estimates obtained by the models for persistence in milk, fat, and protein yields ranged from 0.04 to 0.32, from 0.00 to 0.23, and from 0.00 to 0.27, respectively. Values of genetic correlation estimates between persistence and total 305-day milk, fat, and protein yields ranged from -0.38 to 0.54, from -0.39 to 0.97, and from -0.78 to 0.67, respectively. Persistence measurement proposed by Jakobsen (PS 2 ) is preferential for using in further genetic evaluations for persistence in milk, fat and protein yields of Holstein cows in Minas Gerais state.Key Words: genetic correlation, heritability, Legendre polynomials, random regression model, selection Persistência na produção de leite, de gordura e de proteína de vacas primíparas da raça Holandesa via modelos de regressão aleatória RESUMO -Os totais de 56.508, 35.091 e 8.326 registros, respectivamente, de produção de leite, de gordura e de proteína no dia do controle foram usados para estimar parâmetros genéticos para seis medidas de persistência na produção de leite, de gordura e de proteína de vacas da raça Holandesa criadas em rebanhos do Estado de Minas Gerais. Os componentes de covariância para os efeitos genético aditivo e de ambiente permanente foram estimados via REML por modelos de regressão aleatória com polinômios de Legendre de ordens 3 a 6. Em geral, os modelos com as mais altas ordens dos polinômios de Legendre apresentaram a melhor qualidade no ajuste desses registros produtivos. As estimativas de herdabilidade obtidas pelos modelos para as persistências nas produções de leite, de gordura e de proteína variaram, respectivamente, de 0,04 a 0,32; 0,00 a 0,23; e 0,00 a 0,27. Os valores das estimativas de correlação genética entre persistência e produções de leite, de gordura e de proteína, em 305 dias, variaram de -0,38 a 0,54; -0,39 a 0,97; e -0,78 a 0,67, respectivamente. A medida de persistência proposta por Jakobsen (PS 2 ) é preferencial para uso em futuras avaliações genéticas para persistências nas produções de leite, de gordura e de proteína de animais da raça Holandesa no Estado de Minas Gerais.Palavras-chave: correlação genética, herdabilidade, modelo de regressão aleatória, polinômio de Legendre, seleção Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia

Here we provide evidence that CRP3/MLP is primarily expressed in arterial SMCs and that stretch is the main stimulus for CRP3/MLP induction in veins exposed to arterial haemodynamic conditions.