No abstract

Extensive livestock production in southern South America occupies ~0.5 M km2 in central-eastern Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil. These systems have been sustained for more than 300 years by year-long grazing of the highly biodiverse native Campos ecosystems that provides many valuable additional ecosystem services. However, their low productivity (~70 kg liveweight/ha per year), at least relative to values recorded in experiments and by best farmers, has been driving continued land use conversion towards agriculture and forestry. Therefore, there is a pressing need for usable, cost effective technological options based on scientific knowledge that increase profitability while supporting the conservation of native grasslands. In the early 2000s, existing knowledge was synthesized in a path of six sequential steps of increasing intensification. Even though higher productivity underlined that path, it was recognized that trade-offs would occur, with increases in productivity being concomitant to reductions in diversity, resilience to droughts, and a higher exposure to financial risks. Here, we put forward a proposal to shift the current paradigm away from a linear sequence and toward a flexible dashboard of intensification options to be implemented in defined modules within a farm whose aims are (i) to maintain native grasslands as the main feed source, and (ii) ameliorate its two major productive drawbacks: marked seasonality and relatively rapid loss of low nutritive value-hence the title “native grasslands at the core.” At its center, the proposal highlights a key role for optimal grazing management of native grasslands to increase productivity and resilience while maintaining low system wide costs and financial risk, but acknowledges that achieving the required spatio-temporal control of grazing intensity requires using (a portfolio of) complementary, synergistic intensification options. We sum up experimental evidence and case studies supporting the hypothesis that integrating intensification options increases both profitability and environmental sustainability of livestock production in Campos ecosystems.

This study investigated the dose-dependent response in lamb meat of stable nitrogen isotope ratio to the dietary proportion of legumes, and the ability of the nitrogen isotope signature of the meat to authenticate meat produced from legume-rich diets. Four groups of nine male Romane lambs grazing a cocksfoot pasture were supplemented with different levels of fresh alfalfa forage to obtain four dietary proportions of alfalfa (0%, 25%, 50% and 75%) for 98 days on average before slaughter (groups L0, L25, L50 and L75). We measured the stable nitrogen isotope ratio in the forages and in the longissimus thoracis muscle. The δ(15)N value of the meat decreased linearly with the dietary proportion of alfalfa. The distribution of the δ(15)N values of the meat discriminated all the L0 lambs from the L75 lambs, and gave a correct classification score of 85.3% comparing lambs that ate alfalfa with those that did not.

RESUMO -Avaliou-se como o padrão de deslocamento e de utilização de estações alimentares podem ser afetados por alturas de manejo de 4, 8, 12 e 16 cm numa pastagem nativa. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e duas repetições no tempo e no espaço. Os animais experimentais foram avaliados por meio de testes de pastejo de 45 minutos, para determinação dos número de bocados, número de estações alimentares e número de passos, utilizando-se contadores, com exceção do número de bocados, que foi registrado pelo aparelho IGER Behaviour Recorder.Observou-se correlação positiva entre altura do pasto e massa de forragem e correlação negativa entre alturas do pasto e densidade de forragem. As variáveis avaliadas diferiram entre bezerras e ovelhas. O número de estações alimentares por minuto diminuiu de forma quadrática com o aumento da altura do pasto. O número de bocados por estação alimentar visitada e o tempo por estação alimentar aumentaram de forma quadrática com o aumento da altura do pasto e foram afetados negativamente pela baixa densidade de forragem nos estratos superiores das maiores alturas do pasto. Na altura de 12 cm, as bezerras executaram mais bocados por estação alimentar e permaneceram mais tempo em cada estação alimentar; o mesmo foi observado na altura de 8 cm para as ovelhas. À medida que menos estações alimentares foram utilizadas, como resposta às variáveis anteriores, os animais andaram mais a passos mais lentos. Em alturas do pasto entre 8 e 12 cm, os animais permanecem mais tempo pastejando nas estações alimentares e percorrem distâncias maiores à procura de novos locais para o pastejo.Palavras-chave: bezerras, bocados, estrutura do pasto, ovelhas, pastagem nativa Plant-animal relationships in a heterogeneous pastoral environment: displacement patterns and feeding station useABSTRACT -This study assessed how the displacement patterns and feeding station used can be affected by sward heights of 4, 8, 12 and 16 cm. A randomized complete design was used with two replication in time and space. The animals were evaluated by 45-minute grazing tests, to determine the number of bites, number of feeding stations and number of steps using counters, except for number of bites, which was registered by the IGER Behaviour Recorder device. A positive correlation was observed between sward height and herbage mass, and negative correlation between sward height and herbage bulk density. Differences between female calves and ewes were observed in all variables evaluated. The number of feeding station per minute decreased quadratically with increasing sward height. The number of bites per feeding station and time per feeding station increased quadratically with increasing sward height and were affected negatively by the lower herbage bulk density in the upper strata of the higher sward heights. Female calves, at 12 cm sward height, carried out more bites per feeding station and remained longer at each feeding station. The same behaviour was observed for ewes at 8 cm sward heigh...

RESUMO -Um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a influência de intensidades e métodos de pastejo nas características morfogênicas (taxa de elongação de folhas, taxa de surgimento de folhas, tempo de vida da folha) e estruturais (número de folhas verdes, comprimento de folhas e densidade populacional de perfilhos) de azevém em dois ciclos de avaliação.Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram de duas intensidades e dois métodos de pastejo (contínuo e rotacionado), em um delineamento em blocos completamente casualizados, em arranjo fatorial com quatro repetições. Foram marcados 30 perfilhos por unidade experimental. As intensidades de pastejo foram responsáveis pelas diferenças encontradas na taxa de elongação de folhas (intensidade baixa resultou em maior taxa de elongação) e nas características estruturais (intensidade baixa resultou em menor densidade populacional de perfilhos, maior comprimento e maior número de folhas vivas por perfilho). Os métodos de pastejo influenciaram as características morfogênicas (o pastejo contínuo resultou em maior taxa de elongação de folhas, mais alta taxa de surgimento e maior tempo de vida das folhas no primeiro ciclo de observação) e estruturais (o pastejo contínuo resultou em maior densidade populacional de perfilhos). Observou-se interação intensidades de pastejo x ciclos de avaliação.A forma de condução do processo de desfolhação, por meio do controle de intensidades e métodos de pastejo, afeta as características morfogênicas e estruturais da pastagem.Palavras-chave: estrutura da pastagem, morfogênese, oferta de forragem, pastejo contínuo, pastejo rotacionado, perfilhos marcados Morphogenetic and structural traits of italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam.) sward managed under different grazing intensities and methods ABSTRACT -The trial was conducted to determine the influences of grazing intensity and grazing method on morphogenetic (leaf elongation rate, leaf appearance rate, leaf lifespan) and structural (number of green leaves, length of leaves and tiller density) traits in italian ryegrass sward. The experimental treatments stemmed from a 2 x 2 factorial combination of two grazing intensities and two grazing methods (continuous and rotational). The experimental design was completely randomized block with four replications. Thirty tillers were marked per experimental unit. The grazing intensity brought about differences in the morphogenic and structural traits of the sward. Low grazing intensity resulted in higher leaf elongation rate and in lower tiller density, higher length of leaves and higher number of live leaves per tiller. The grazing methods influenced the morphogenetic and structural traits. Continuous grazing resulted in higher leaf elongation rate, higher leaf appearance rate, longer leaf lifespan in the first grazing cycle, and in higher tiller density. There was a grazing intensity by grazing cycle interaction. It is concluded that grazing intensity and grazing method exert marked effect on the morphogenetic and structural traits of the gr...

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a recria de borregas em pastagem de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum) em sucessão a lavouras de milho ou soja, manejadas em intensidades de pastejo moderada ou baixa, com métodos de pastoreio rotativo ou contínuo. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2 intensidades x 2 métodos de pastoreio, com quatro repetições. Não houve interação entre os métodos e as intensidades de pastejo. A intensidade de pastejo baixa determinou maior massa média de forragem e altura do pasto. A altura e a massa de forragem foram maiores no pastoreio rotativo. Não houve diferença para ganho médio diário. Houve diferença significativa para carga animal para o método rotativo e a intensidade de pastejo moderada. O ganho de peso por hectare foi maior para intensidade de pastejo moderada. A intensidade de pastejo e o método de pastoreio empregados não afetaram a produtividade de soja ou milho em sucessão. A forragem disponível é a principal determinante da produtividade do sistema integrado, independentemente do método de pastoreio.Termos para indexação: Lolium multiflorum, pastoreio contínuo, pastoreio rotativo, sistema integração lavoura-pecuária. Rearing of lambs under different grazing methods on annual ryegrass in succession to cropsAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the rearing of lambs grazing on annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in succession with corn or soybean crops, managed at moderate or low grazing intensities, with rotational or continuous grazing methods. The experimental design used was randomized blocks in a factorial arrangement 2 intensities x 2 grazing methods, with four replicates. There was no interaction between grazing intensities and methods. Low grazing intensity provided higher forage mass and sward height. Height and forage mass were higher in rotational grazing. There was no difference in average daily gain. There was significant difference in stocking rate for the rotational method and moderate grazing intensity. Gain per hectare was higher for moderate grazing intensity. Grazing intensity and grazing methods did not affect soybean or corn yields in succession. The forage available is the main determinant of yield of the integrated system, independently of the grazing method.

Excessive flavour in lamb meat is undesirable for consumers and can prompt purchase resistance. Volatile indoles responsible for off-flavours accumulate more in the fat of lambs on pasture than on grain and are enhanced when lambs graze alfalfa. Here, we investigated whether barley supplementation of lambs grazing alfalfa influences meat sensory quality. Using three groups of 12 male Romane lambs, we compared three feeding regimes: alfalfa grazing (AG), alfalfa grazing + daily supplementation with barley (29 g/kg live weight0.75, AGS) and stall feeding with concentrate and hay (SF). As some of the compounds involved in meat sensory traits may act as dietary biomarkers, we also investigated potential implications for meat authentication. Although barley represented 38% of the diet in AGS lambs, it did not offer any advantage for animal average daily gain or parasitism level. Animal performance, carcass weight and fatness did not differ between feeding regimes. Dorsal fat firmness tended to be greater in AG than AGS and greater in AGS than SF. Skatole and indole concentrations in perirenal and dorsal fat were lower in SF lambs than in AG and AGS lambs (P<0.01 to P<0.0001), but did not differ between AG and AGS lambs. Yellowness, chroma and hue angle of perirenal fat were lower in SF lambs than in AG and AGS lambs (P<0.001), but did not differ between AG and AGS lambs. Absolute value of the mean integral for both perirenal fat and subcutaneous caudal fat (AVMIPF and AVMISC), quantifying the intensity of light absorption by carotenoids in perirenal and subcutaneous caudal fat, respectively, were lower in SF lambs than in AG and AGS lambs (P<0.0001 for both comparisons), but did not differ between AG and AGS lambs. Meat colour was unaffected by the treatment. We confirm that lambs grazing alfalfa accumulate high levels of volatile indoles in their fat, but we show that barley supplementation to lambs grazing alfalfa is not effective in reducing fat volatile indoles concentration and excessive odour/flavour in the meat. We also confirm that both perirenal fat skatole concentration and AVMIPF are of interest for discriminating lambs that grazed alfalfa from lambs that were stall-fed, and we show that they are not effective for discriminating supplemented from non-supplemented grazing lambs.

Sheep production on pasture plays an important role in subtropical climates around the world, with great economic and environmental relevance to those regions. However, this production is much lower than its true potential in subtropical regions, largely due to lack of knowledge of how to feed grazing lambs, and mitigate gastrointestinal parasite infections. Due to weather instability and the high growth rate of tropical grasses, it is difficult to adjust the quality and quantity of feed consumed by lambs. In addition, due to warm, wet weather during spring, summer, and autumn, gastrointestinal parasite infection can be intense on subtropical pastures. Thus, the objective of this paper is to summarize 17 years of research in southern regions of Brazil testing alternative management for sheep farmers under these challenging conditions. Our review indicates that ewes play important roles raising their lambs. Besides protecting and providing milk, they leave a better pasture structure for lamb nutrition. The use of creep feeding and creep grazing are additional alternatives to improve lamb growth. However, feeding supplementation with concentrate can deteriorate pasture quality at the end of the summer–autumn season. Gastrointestinal parasitic infections can be reduced with improved lamb nutrition, although L3 larvae of Haemonchus contortus can be present at various pasture heights. This indicates that it is difficult to control L3 ingestion solely by manipulating grazing heights. We summarize important technologies for raising lambs on pasture-based systems to make the best of high herbage growth and minimize intense parasitic infections common in subtropical regions. We discuss research results in light of the latest studies from other ecoregions and climates, although there is a lack of similar research in subtropical regions of the world.