Shewanella marisflavi isolate AP629 is described as a novel pathogen of sea cucumber. The LD(50) values (14 days) in sea cucumber, mice and swordtail fish were 3.89 × 10(6) , 6.80 × 10(4) and 4.85 × 10(4) CFU g(-1) body weight, respectively. Studies on S. marisflavi were conducted, including morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, haemolysis, whole-cell protein and 16S rDNA gene sequence. Colonies of S. marisflavi appeared faint red on marine agar and green on thiosulphate-citrate-bile salt-sucrose media. Shewanella marisflavi had polar flagella. The cells were Gram-negative, oxidase- and catalase-positive and not sensitive to O/129. The bacterium exhibited β-haemolysis on sheep blood agar and produced H(2) S. Shewanella marisflavi survived and grew at 4-35°C, pH 6.0-9.2 and in the presence of 0-8% NaCl. The whole-cell proteins included 13 discrete bands, and proteins of molecular weight 87, 44 and 39 kDa were found in all five strains of Shewanella spp. The difference in 16S rDNA gene sequences in S. marisflavi was at the 446 bp site: S. marisflavi (KCCM 41822) - G, isolate AP629 - A. This is the first report that Shewanella is pathogenic to sea cucumber.

Massilia arvi sp. nov., isolated from fallow-land soil previously cultivated with Brassica oleracea, and emended description of the genus Massilia A novel bacterial strain, designated THG-RS2O T , was isolated from fallow-land soil previously cultivated with Brassica oleracea in Yongin, South Korea. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile rods, catalase-and oxidase-positive. Strain THG-RS2O T grew optimally at 25-37 8C, at pH 7.0 and in the absence of NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis demonstrated that strain THG-RS2O T shows highest sequence similarity with Massilia kyonggiensis KACC 17471 T followed by Massilia aerilata KACC 12505 T , Massilia niastensis KACC 12599 T , Massilia tieshanensis KACC 14940 T and Massilia haematophila KCTC 32001 T . Levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain THG-RS2O T and the closest phylogenetic neighbours were below 55.0 % and the DNA G+C content of strain THG-RS2O T was 63.2 mol%. Major fatty acids were C 16 : 0 , cyclo-C 17 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1 v6c and/or C 16 : 1 v7c). The major respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquonone-8 and predominant polar lipids were determined to be diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Characterization by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization, ubiquinone, polar lipid, fatty acid composition, and physiological and biochemical parameters revealed that strain THG-RS2O T represents a novel species of the genus Massilia. Hence, the present study describes a novel species for which the name Massilia arvi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is THG-RS2O T (5KCTC 42609 T 5CCTCC AB 2015115 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped strain, THG-DN7.3 T , was isolated from a waterfall. Strain THG-DN7.3T grew well at 18-28 8C and at pH 6.0-7.5 on Reasoner's 2A

Pedobacter daejeonensis sp. nov. and Pedobacter trunci sp. nov., isolated from an ancient tree trunk, and emended description of the genus Pedobacter Two Gram-stain-negative, yellow, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterial isolates, designated THG-DN3.18 T and THG-DN3.19 T , were isolated from an ancient tree trunk from Daejeon, South Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that both strains belong to the genus Pedobacter within the family Sphingobacteriaceae. Strain THG-DN3.18 T exhibited maximum sequence similarity with Pedobacter boryungensis KCTC 23344 T (98.5 %) while strain THG-DN3.19 T exhibited maximum sequence similarity with Pedobacter nyackensis LMG 24260 T (97.3 %). In DNA-DNA hybridization tests, the two strains showed less than 35 % relatedness with respect to closely related species of the genus Pedobacter. Both strains contained iso-C 15 : 0 and C 16 : 1 v6c and/or C 16 : 1 v7c (summed feature 3) as the predominant fatty acids and MK-7 as the major isoprenoid quinone. The DNA G+C contents of strains THG-DN3.18 T and THG-DN3.19 T were 35.5 and 40.1 mol%, respectively. The genotypic analysis, biochemical properties, and phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics indicate that strains THG-DN3.18 T and THG-DN3.19 T represent novel species of the genus Pedobacter, for which the names Pedobacter daejeonensis sp. nov. and Pedobacter trunci sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains are THG-DN3.18 T (5KCTC 42230 T 5JCM 30352 T ) and THG-DN3.19 T (5KCTC 42233 T 5JCM 30353 T ), respectively.The genus Pedobacter was first described by Steyn et al. (1998) and belongs to the family Sphingobacteriaceae and order Sphingobacteriales. The genus Pedobacter comprises 46 species with validly published names (http://www. bacterio.net/pedobacter.html) isolated from various environments, most frequently soils (Yoon et al., 2007;Luo et al., 2010;Zhou et al., 2012; Oh et al., 2013). Members of the genus Pedobacter are Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria, non-motile or motile by gliding with MK-7 as the major isoprenoid quinone and DNA G+C contents of 36.0-45.0 mol% (Qiu et al., 2014). Recently, the DNA G+C content range of the genus has been revised by Kook et al. (2014) as 36.0-47.5 mol%. The major fatty acids are iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 1 G, iso-C 17 : 0 and iso-C 17 : 0 3-OH. In this study we determined the exact taxonomic position of strains THG-DN3.18 T and THG-DN3.19 T by means of a polyphasic approach. On the basis of chemotaxonomic and physiological data obtained in this study we report on the new isolates THG-DN3.18 T and THG-DN3.19 T belonging to the genus Pedobacter, isolated from an ancient tree trunk from Daejeon, South Korea.Samples from different places in Daejeon, South Korea, including an ancient tree trunk were collected in a sterile ziplock bag. The samples were suspended in 0.85 % (w/v) saline solution, vortexed, serially diluted and spread on plates of nutrient agar (NA; Difco). The plates were incubated at 28 u C for 7 days. Single colonies were purified by continuous subculturing on NA. Two bacte...

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile, short-rod shaped actinobacterium, designated THG-T2.14T, was isolated from soil sampled from the rhizosphere of mugunghwa. Growth occurred at 10-40 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum 7.0) and at 0-7.0 % NaCl (optimum 3.0 %). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the nearest phylogenetic neighbours of strain THG-T2.14T were identified as Microbacterium yannicii DSM 23203T (98.8 %), Microbacterium trichothecenolyticum DSM 8608T (98.8 %), Microbacterium arthrosphaerae DSM 22421T (98.7 %) and Microbacterium jejuense KACC 17124T (98.4 %). The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified lipid, two unidentified phospholipids and two unidentified phosphoglycolipids. The menaquinones were MK-12, and MK-13. The major polyamine was spermidine. The peptidoglycan contained ornithine, alanine, glycine, homoserine and glutamic acid. The diagnostic diamino acid was ornithine. The acyl type of the muramic acid was glycolyl. The whole-cell sugars were rhamnose, ribose, galactose, arabinose, xylose and glucose. The DNA G+C content of strain THG-T2.14T was 71.2 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain THG-T2.14T and its closest reference strains were significantly lower than the threshold value of 70 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, chemotaxonomic data, physiological characteristics and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain THG-T2.14T represents a novel species of the genus Microbacterium, for which the name Microbacterium hibisci sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is THG-T2.14T (=KACC 18931T=CCTCC AB 2016180T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, short rod-shaped, non-motile bacterium (THG-S3), was isolated from desert soil. Growth occurred at 15-35 °C (optimum 28 °C), at pH 5-10 (optimum 7) and at 0-4 % NaCl (optimum 1 %). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the nearest phylogenetic neighbours of strain THG-S3 were identified as Altererythrobacter rigui KCTC 42620 (99.0 %), Altererythrobacter dongtanensis KCTC 22672 (97.1 %), Altererythrobacter xinjiangensis CCTCC AB 207166 (96.9 %), Altererythrobacter troitsensis KCTC 12303 (96.9 %). Levels of relatedness among strain THG-S3 and other Altererythrobacter species were lower than 96.0 %. DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain THG-S3 and A. rigui KCTC 42620, A. dongtanensis KCTC 22672, A. xinjiangensis CCTCC AB 207166 and A. troitsensis KCTC 12303 were 59.7 % (42.8 %, reciprocal analysis), 45.1 % (36.3 %), 34.7 % (25.1 %) and 15.1 % (12.3 %), respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain THG-S3 was 69 mol%. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and three unidentified lipids The quinone was ubiquinone-10. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, C17 : 1 ω6c, C18 : 1 ω7c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c). On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, chemotaxonomic data, physiological characteristics and DNA-DNA hybridization data, strain THG-S3 represents a novel species of the genus Altererythrobacter, for which the name Altererythrobacter deserti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is THG-S3 (=KACC 19190=CGMCC 1.15959).

A treatment using a mixture of herbs such as THAN-1 would be useful in the suppression of the growth of pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains.

A novel bacterial strain, designated THG-S11.7 T , was isolated from garden soil in Incheon, South Korea. Cells of the strain were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile cocci, and were catalase-and oxidase-positive. Colonies of the strain were white. Strain THG-S11.7T grew optimally at 28 8C, at pH 7.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the strain was a member of the genus Nocardioides. Strain THG-S11 T and the closest phylogenetic neighbours were below 45.0 % and the DNA G+C content of strain THG-S11.7 T was 72.2 mol%. Strain THG-S11.7 T was characterized chemotaxonomically as having LL-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan and menaquinone MK-8(H 4 ) as the predominant isoprenoid quinone. The major phospholipid was determined to be diphosphatidylglycerol. The major cellular fatty acids of strain THG-S11.7 T were iso-C 15 : 0 , C 16 : 0 and iso-C 16 : 0 .Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, it is proposed that the isolate represents a novel species of the genus Nocardioides, for which the name Nocardioides albidus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is THG-S11.7 T (5KCTC 39607 T 5CCTCC AB 2015297 T ).