Background: Brucellosis is one of the most significant zoonosis over the world, threatening both veterinary and human public health. However, few studies were focused on nationwide animal brucellosis and made association with human brucellosis. Methodology and Principal Findings: We conducted a bilingual literature search on Brucella or brucellosis in China on the two largest databases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure and PubMed) and conducted a systematic review. A total of 1,383 Chinese and 81 English publications, published between 1958 and 2018 were identified. From them, 357 publications presenting 692 datasets were subjected to the meta-analysis. The overall prevalence rate is 1.70% (95% CI: 1.66–1.74), with a declining (until the late 1990s) and rising trend (starting the early 2000s). Interestingly, the animal with highest prevalence rate is canine (8.35%, 95% CI: 7.21–9.50), and lowest in cattle (1.22%, 95% CI: 1.17–1.28). The prevalence of Brucella in animals was unequally distributed among the 24 examined regions in China. Conclusions: Brucellosis is a reemerging disease for both humans and animals in China. The observed data suggests that dogs and yaks are the leading reservoirs for Brucella , and the provinces with highest prevalence rates in animals are Hubei, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Fujian, and Guizhou. Accordingly targeted intervention policy should be implemented to break the Brucella transmission chain between animals and humans in China.

Kong (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Figure 1: Given a portrait image and a few strokes drawn by the user as input (a), our method generates a strand-based 3D hair model as shown in (b), where a fraction of reconstructed fibers are highlighted. The hair model can be used to convert the input portrait into a pop-up model (c) which can be rendered in a novel view (d). It also enables several interesting applications such as transferring the hairstyle of one subject to another (e). Original images courtesy of Getty Images (a) and Andrew MacPherson (e).

Salmonella enterica Newport (S. Newport), with phylogenetic diversity feature, contributes to significant public health concerns. Our previous study suggested that S. Newport from multiple animal‐borne routes, with distinct antibiotic resistant pattern, might transmit to human. However, their genetic information was lacking. As a complement to the earlier finding, we investigate the relationship between each other among the hosts, sources, genotype and antibiotic resistance in S. Newport. We used the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) in conjunction with minimum inhibitory concentration of 16 antibiotics of globally sampled 1842 S. Newport strains, including 282 newly contributed Chinese strains, to evaluate this association. Our analysis reveals that sequence types (STs) are significantly associated with different host sources, including livestock (ST45), birds (ST5), contaminated water and soil (ST118), reptiles (ST46) and seafood (ST31). Importantly, ST45 contained most of (344/553) the multi‐drug resistance (MDR) strains, which were believed to be responsible for human MDR bacterial infections. Chinese isolates were detected to form two unique lineages of avian (ST808 group) and freshwater animal (ST2364 group) origin. Taken together, genotyping information of S. Newport could serve to improve Salmonella source‐originated diagnostics and guide better selection of antibiotic therapy against Salmonella infections.

A practical strategy to reconstitute the Fc functions of nanobody was developed by nanobody C-terminal dinitrophenylation. The Fc functions are successfully reinstated as proved by the potent ADCC and CDC in vitro and anti-tumor efficacies in vivo.

Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid are among the most significant poultry diseases worldwide. However, the global burden of these diseases remains unknown. Most importantly, the parameters contributing to the prevalence of Salmonella Gallinarum variants are not well documented. Therefore, in this study, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of the global prevalence of Salmonella Gallinarum during 1945–2021. In total, 201 studies were identified for qualitative analysis (>900 million samples). The meta-analysis was subjected to over 183 screened studies. The global prevalence of S. Gallinarum (percentage of positive samples in total samples) was 8.54% (95% CI: 8.43–8.65) and showed a V-shaped recovery over time. Pullorum disease is most common in Asia, particularly in eastern China. Further investigations on chicken origin samples revealed significant differences in S. Gallinarum prevalence by gender, breed, raising mode, economic use, and growth stage, indicating a critical role of vertical transmission. Together, this study offered an updated, evidence-based dataset and knowledge regarding S. Gallinarum epidemics, which might significantly impact decision-making policy with targeted interventions.

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a) our single scattering (b) single scattering (c) our single/multiple scattering (d) single/multiple scattering result, 16.2fps reference, 2.1 minutes result, 7.9fps reference, 15.2 minutes Figure 1: Interactive hair rendering under environment lighting with both single and multiple scattering effects. The hair model consists of 10,000 fibers and 270K line segments. The reference images (b) and (d) are generated by summing up the contributions of all 32 × 32 × 6 directional lights of the environment map, using the deep opacity map algorithm [Yuksel and Keyser 2008] and the dual scattering technique [Zinke et al. 2008], respectively. In our algorithm, the environment light is approximated with 49 SRBFs. AbstractWe present an algorithm for interactive hair rendering with both single and multiple scattering effects under complex environment lighting. The outgoing radiance due to single scattering is determined by the integral of the product of the environment lighting, the scattering function, and the transmittance that accounts for selfshadowing among hair fibers. We approximate the environment light by a set of spherical radial basis functions (SRBFs) and thus convert the outgoing radiance integral into the sum of radiance contributions of all SRBF lights. For each SRBF light, we factor out the effective transmittance to represent the radiance integral as the product of two terms: the transmittance and the convolution of the SRBF light and the scattering function. Observing that the convolution term is independent of the hair geometry, we precompute it for commonly-used scattering models, and reduce the run-time computation to table lookups. We further propose a technique, called the convolution optical depth map, to efficiently approximate the effective transmittance by filtering the optical depth maps generated at the center of the SRBF using a depth-dependent kernel. As for the multiple scattering computation, we handle SRBF lights by using similar factorization and precomputation schemes, and adopt sparse sampling and interpolation to speed up the computation. Compared to off-line algorithms, our algorithm can generate images of comparable quality, but at interactive frame rates.