Background: More than 24% breast cancer patients came to Sanglah Teaching Hospital with distant metastasis which cause 90% of cancer related death. Distant metastasis is complex process of interaction between tumor cells and its micro environment involving chemoattractant cytokines which lead circulating tumor cells toward target organs. One of the most common cytokines involved in metastasis of multiple tumor is SDF-1, produces by target organ or tumor cells it selves. However, only few studies ever evaluate the relationship between its concentrations in tumor tissue with metastasis. Method: A cross sectional analysis study was conducted involving clinical data and paraffin blocks from 46 patients. Samples were grouped into metastasis and non-metastasis group and level of tumor tissue SDF-1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry method.
<p><strong><em>Background:</em></strong><em>Medical students</em><em> </em><em>are facing examination in each topics to evaluate learning achievement. </em><em>A</em><em>n examination could be a trigger for anxiety. Uncontrolled anxiety could affect the learning achievement. Coping mechanism is needed to decrease the anxiety level. One of the coping mechanisms to decrease anxiety </em><em>level</em><em> is sense of humor. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether sense of humor could affect the anxiety level.</em></p><p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong><em>This </em><em>was </em><em>an </em><em>observational analytic</em><em> with </em><em>cross-sectional</em><em> design</em><em> study</em><em>.The subjects were First Year Medical Students of </em><em>Universitas </em><em>Sebelas Maret. The sample was collected by simple random sampling method. Sense of Humor was assesed using Multidimensional Sense of Humor Scale (MSHS). Anxiety level was </em><em>assesed</em><em> using Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS). Collected data was analyzed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov Normality Test and Pearson Correlation Test.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results: </em></strong><em>There were 152 </em><em>samples</em><em> in this study.</em><em> T</em><em>he mean of sense of humor and anxiety level were 69.90 ± 7</em><em>.</em><em>22 and 22</em><em>.</em><em>16 ± 6</em><em>.</em><em>93 respectively. The majority of the samples showed that 78</em><em>.</em><em>3% had a high sense of humor, while 21</em><em>.</em><em>7% had a moderate sense of humor. More than half of the samples (50</em><em>.</em><em>7%) were anxious and 49</em><em>.</em><em>3% were not anxious. The result of the Pearson correlation test showed r= -0</em><em>.</em><em>263 and p= 0</em><em>.</em><em>001.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusions:</em></strong><em>T</em><em>his study </em><em>indicates</em><em> a </em><em>negative </em><em>correlation between </em><em>sense of humor and anxiety level towards examination on First Year Medical Student of </em><em>Universitas </em><em>Sebelas Maret.</em><em></em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>sense of humor, anxiety level, examination</em>
Amalina N, Suyatmi, Suparyanti EL. 2010. Effect of beluntas (Pluchea indica) leaf extract on mice spermatogenesis. Biofarmasi 8: 47-51. This research aimed to determine the effect of beluntas (Pluchea indica L.) leaf extract in habiting spermatogenesis. Flavonoids can inhibit aromatase enzyme that function to catalyze the conversion of androgens into estrogen so that the level of the testosterone hormone will increase. The high concentration of testosterone will affect on the feedback to the pituitary, that not releasing FSH and LH, so it will inhibit spermatogenesis. This research is an experimental research with post-test only controlled group design method, using male mice, 2-3 months age, weight 20-30 g, as many as 24 mice divided into 4 groups. The first group was a control group, the second group as treatment group I that given with 1.4 mg/20 g body weight beluntas extract, the third group as treatment group II that given with 2.8 mg/g body weight beluntas extract. The fourth group as treatment group III that given with 5.6 mg/g body weight beluntas extract. The treatment was given for 10 days after that the testes of mice were taken and from each testicle was made 3 slices and from each slice the most representative seminiferous tubule was taken for spermatid cells. So, each mice had 18 units of data would be analyzed. The data obtained were analyzed with Anova to determine the significant differences before and after the treatment of extract and to be compared the difference between four groups with Dunnet T3 test to determine the difference between each group. Based on the statistical test results with Dunnet T3, it showed a significant difference between the fours study groups, except between treatment groups I and II. This might be due to the effectiveness of the two doses equally so that by doubling the dose, it did not give a doubling effect on decreasing spermatids. The provision of beluntas leaf extract can cause a decrease in the number of spermatid cells in mice. The average spermatid cells number decreased with increasing beluntas leaf extract dose. The best dose for reducing the number of spermatids in this study was the dose in the treatment group III that was 5.6 mg/g body weight.
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