1,4-bis-3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl-tetrahydro-furo(3,4-c) furan from mahogany (swietenia macrophylla king) seed significantly reduces glucose and malondialdehyde levels in diabetic wistar rats

A Systematic Review on the Hypoglycemic Potentials of Mahogany (Swietenia spp.) Seeds as Antioxidants in the Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

“…31 Meanwhile, saponin functions as an antidiabetic by lowering blood glucose levels, reducing MDA levels, and having strong hypoglycemic activity. 18 Total phenolics, tannins, and flavonoids contents as well as antioxidant activity of extracts of seeds and leaves of mahogany Total phenolics, tannins, and flavonoids contents were found higher in the leaf compared to the seeds. Observed antioxidant activity with the DPPH and FRAP methods…”

“…Flavonoids and saponins are known to have antidiabetic activity. 14,18,30 Flavonoids protect the body from the damaging effect of free radicals and other pro-oxidants so they have the potential to prevent or reduce the risk of diabetes. 31 Meanwhile, saponin functions as an antidiabetic by lowering blood glucose levels, reducing MDA levels, and having strong hypoglycemic activity.…”

The Molecular Mechanisms of Hypoglycemic Properties and Safety Profiles of Swietenia Macrophylla Seeds Extract: A Review

“…Supporting the hypoglycemic activities of S. macrophylla seeds related to their antioxidant properties, Muthmainah et al (2019) reported that 1,4-bis-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-phenyl)-tetrahydro-furo(3,4-c) furan from S. macrophylla seeds had significant glucose-lowering activity via reducing MDA in a T2D rat model [36]. MDA was known as one of the end products of the lipid peroxidation process related to lipid-oxidative degradation, which causes membrane damage [101].…”

“…Compounds acting as PPARγ ligands are an interesting focus in the development In vitro 6-O-acetyl swietenolide, diacetyl swietenolide and swietenine from S. macrophylla seeds induced GLUT4 membrane translocation in C2C12 muscle cells which led to glucose utilization [26] The SMEAF improved the cell viability and showed protection of rat's primary neuronal culture cell against oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide [31] In Vivo Methanol extract of S. macrophylla seeds at dose 300 mg/kg caused a significant decreasing (59, 69%) of blood glucose in STZ-induced diabetic rats model. It also reduces cholesterol and triglyceride as well as increases glycogen contents in liver [15] The alcoholic seeds extract of S. macrophylla leads to the decreasing of blood glucose, improvement of body weight, normalize the serum insulin and liver glycogen content in STZdiabetic rats model [32] The treatment of S. macrophylla seeds petroleum ether extract for 14 days resulted in a significant enhancement of abdominal glucose utilization which leads to the reduction of blood glucose on rats after intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test [33] In vivo study on diabetic rat model documented that S. macrophylla seed saponins isolate has the strongest effect in lowering blood glucose levels [34] Saponins isolated from S. macrophylla seeds extract was able to reduce blood glucose significantly while increasing pancreatic insulin expression in STZ-induced diabetic rat model [29] Saponins isolated from S. macrophylla seeds extract has also been proven to be able to decrease HOMA-IR significantly which leads to insulin resistance improvement in a T2D rat model [35] Saponins isolated from S. macrophylla seeds extract had glucose-lowering and antioxidant effects through reducing malondialdehyde in STZ-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats model [36] 7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-chroman-4one, flavonoids isolated from S. macrophylla seeds extract reduced blood glucose by reducing HOMA-IR level and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene expression in a T2D rat model [37] The same flavonoids have the abilities to improve pancreatic β-cell function through inhibiting the development of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and increasing the expression of glucagon-like peptide-1 [38] of T2D treatment because it suggests the ability to improve insulin sensitivity. The PPARγ agonists increase adipocyte differentiation and promote FFA uptake and storage, hence decreasing FFA plasma level.…”

“…These findings are supported by several further studies. It had a glucoselowering effect and antioxidant activity by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in a STZ-nicotinamide diabetic rat's model [36]. In addition, the same saponins isolate from S. macrophylla was able to suppress blood glucose while increasing pancreatic insulin expression in STZ-induced diabetic rats [29].…”