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Conventional production process of gambir often produces gambir with low content of catechin. Engineering of production processes of gambir leaves to produce gambir powder has been developed by previous researchers. The objective of this study was to develop a calibration model to predict the content of catechin in gambir powder from dried gambir leaves quickly using FT-NIR PLS model. Reflectance spectra of gambir powder from dried gambir leaves obtained at a wavelength of 1000 to 2500 nm. Spectra pre-processing treatment method used was a combination between normalization between 0 and 1 (n01) method and first derivative Savitzky-Golay 9 points (dg1). The result showed that correlation coefficient and standard error of prediction (SEP) were 0.99 and 2.10 % respectively, obtained when used 6 factors of partial least square (PLS). Calibration model developed has shown higher accuracy and precision to predict catechin content of gambir powder from dried gambir leaves.

The fungal pretreatment effect on chemical structural and morphological changes of betung bamboo was evaluated based on its biomass components after being cultivated by white rot fungi, Trametes versicolor. Betung bamboo powder (15 g) was exposed to liquid inoculum of white rot fungi and incubated at 27 0 C for 15, 30 and 45 days. The treated samples were then characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction and SEM-EDS analyses. Cultivation for 30 days with 5 and 10% loadings retained greater selectivity compared to that of the other treatments. FTIR spectra demonstrated that the fungus changed the chemical structure of pretreated bambooo indicated by the decreasing of functional group intensities without changing the functional groups. The decrease in intensity at wave number of 1246 cm -1 (guaiacyl of lignin) was greater than that at wave number of 1328 cm -1 (deformation combination of syringyl and xylan) after fungal treatment. X-ray analysis showed the pretreated samples had a higher crystallinity than the untreated ones which might be due to the cleavage of amorphous fractions of cellulose. The pretreated bamboo have more fragile than the untreated ones confirmed by SEM. Crystalline allomorph, Iβ (monoclinic) has transformed Iα (triclinic) structure in the pretreated bamboo for 30 days.

This study highlighted the effect of microwave pretreatment on betung bamboo on the chemical structural and morphological changes. The hydrothermal condition was performed in varying power loading (330, 550, and 770 W) and microwave irradition time (5-12.5 min). FTIR spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction and SEM-EDS analysis were utilized to confirm the characteristic changes after pretreatment. The results showed that the severe pretreatment condition tended to increase the carbohydrate losses. From FTIR spectra, microwave pretreatment tended to decrease absorbancy of functional group bands. After microwave pretreatment for 12.5 min (770 W), the band around 1736 cm-1 (C=O in xylan) disappeared in the samples. The syringil propane unit was lower than that of guaiacyl lignin under microwave pretreatment. The disruption of the structure of the cell wall increased the accessibility of cellulase to lignocellulose. Except microwaving for 5 min (330 W), the microwave heating caused carbon and oxygen increasing compared to untreated samples. The increase in crystallinity index of pretreated bamboo suggested the selective degradation of amorphous components.

3D printed cellulose can be applied to various fields, such as packaging, paper, construction, automotive and aerospace, separator, biomedical, electronic, sensor, and living ink applications.