The COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) analysis method based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) is a revision of SNI 06-6989.2-2004, Water and wastewater - Part 2: Method of testing for chemical oxygen demand (COD) with closed reflux spectrophotometrically. This SNI uses references from international standard methods, namely Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st Edition, editor of LS Clesceri, AE Greenberg, AD Eaton, APHA, AWWA and WEF, Washington DC, 2005, Methods 5220 D (Closed Reflux, Colorimetric Methods). The purpose of this study was to validate the total method for testing chemical oxygen demand (COD) in water and wastewater with the reduction of Cr2O7 2- spectrophotometrically in the range of COD values of 100 mg / L to 900 mg / L measurements were made at a wavelength of 600 nm. and COD values less than or equal to 90 mg / L measurements were made at a wavelength of 420 nm. The results showed that the method SNI 06-6898.2- 2009 has good validation results including the r results obtained from the calibration curve equation of 0.998, a precision of 1.82%, an accuracy of 98.25% and LOD and LOQ of 12.27 mg / L and 25, 61 mg / L.
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a versatile additive whose needs are fulfilled by imports. This becomes an opportunity to develop local CMC products. CMC can be synthesized from the cellulose of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). The use of OPEFB as a mixed ingredient of oyster mushroom growing media (baglog) could help the delignification process of OPEFB. Cellulose purified from baglog OPEFB waste using NaOH 10% treatment only produced α-cellulose 80.2% which then being converted to CMC with the purity of 73.4%. Low purity of this CMC did not meet the standard for food-grade which requires purity above 99.5%. This study aimed to improve the purity of cellulose from baglog OPEFB waste by using NaOH 12% treatment. In this way, the purity of the resulting CMC would be expected higher. The resulting CMC product was observed using SEM, FTIR and XRD. The result showed that α-cellulose obtained increased to 84.54% by using 12% NaOH treatment. The resulting CMC had a higher purity level (95.24%). Efforts to increase the degree of substitution and viscosity are still needed to achieve specifications that meet the quality standards of SNI. FTIR and XRD results showed that the characteristics of CMC produced from baglog OPEFB waste were close to commercial CMC as indicated by their functional groups and degree of crystallinity.[Keywords: FTIR, white oyster mushroom, baglog waste, OPEFB, XRD]AbstrakKarboksimetil selulosa(CMC) merupakan zat aditif serbaguna yang kebutuhannyamasihdipenuhi melalui impor. Hal ini menjadi peluang untuk mengembangkan produk CMC lokal.CMC dapat disintesis dari selulosa tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS). Penggunaan TKKS sebagai campuran media pertumbuhan (baglog) jamur tiram putih dapat membantu proses delignifikasi TKKS. Selulosa yang dimurnikan dari limbah TKKS baglog menggunakan perlakuan NaOH 10% hanya menghasilkan α-selulosa sebanyak 80,2%, yang kemudian dikonversi menjadi CMC dengan kemurnian 73,4%. Tingkat kemurnian yang tergolong rendah tersebut tidak memenuhi mutu CMC untuk pangan yang mensyaratkan tingkat kemurnian diatas 99,5%.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemurnian selulosa dari limbah TKKS baglog melalui perlakuan menggunakan NaOH 12%. Dengan cara ini, kemurnian CMC yang dihasilkan diharapkan lebih tinggi. Produk CMC yang dihasilkan diamati menggunakan SEM, FTIR dan XRD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa α-selulosa yang diperoleh meningkat menjadi 84,54% pada ekstraksi menggunakan NaOH 12%. CMC yang dihasilkan memiliki tingkat kemurnian yanglebihtinggi, yaitu:95,24%. Upaya untuk meningkatkannilai derajat substitusidan viskositas masih diperlukan untuk mencapai spesifikasi yang memenuhi mutu standar SNI. Hasil FTIR dan XRD menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik CMC yang dihasilkan dari limbah TKKS baglog sudah mendekati CMC komersial ditinjau dari gugus fungsi dan derajat kristalinitasnya. [Kata kunci: FTIR, jamur tiram putih, limbah baglog, TKKS, XRD]
Ligninolytic enzymes are known as extracellular enzymes produced by the white rot fungi class of basidiomycetes. One of the most well-known fungi of the white rot fungus isPleurotus ostreatus. The aim of this study to calculate the activity of ligninolytic enzymes in the growth media of Pleurotus ostreatusand their application in decolorization of dye colour. The ligninolytic enzyme extract obtained was used to decolorize bluedyes (MethyleneBlue)and red dyes(Congo Red). The highest laccase enzyme activity was in the first month of 0.35 U/mL with E1 media composition; the highest manganese peroxidase (MnP) enzyme activity was in the fourth month at 31.818 U / mL with E4 media composition; and the highest lignin peroxidase (LiP) enzyme activity was in the fifth month at 0.269 U / mL with E1 media composition. The enzyme extract obtained was then applied to decolorize red and blue dyes. Decolorization of dyes was measured using spectrophotometry with a blue wavelength of 470 nm and red 685 nm. The highest reduction in decolorization of blue dye and red dye was 12 hours with concentration of enzyme addition of 0.5%. Based on these results, ligninolytic enzymes potentiallyto be developed as bioactive agents for detergents.[Keywords: decolorization, laccase, mangan peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, spectrofotometry] AbstrakEnzim ligninolitik dikenal sebagai enzim ekstraseluler yang dihasilkan oleh jamur pelapuk putih golongan basidiomycetes. Salah satu jamur dari golongan jamur pelapuk putih yang banyak dikenal adalah Pleurotus ostreatus. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghitung aktivitas enzim ligninolitik pada media pertumbuhan jamur tiram (Pleurotus ostreatus) dan aplikasinya dalam dekolorisasi zat warna. Ekstrak enzim ligninolitik yang didapatkan kemudian dimanfaatkan untuk dekolorisasi zat warna biru(Methylene Blue)dan merah (Congo Red). Aktivitas enzim lakase tertinggi ada pada bulan pertama sebesar 0,35 U/mL dengan komposisi media E1; aktivitas enzim mangan peroksidase (MnP) tertinggi ada pada bulan keempat sebesar 31,818 U/mL dengan komposisi media E4; dan aktivitas enzim lignin peroksidase (LiP) tertinggi ada pada bulan kelima sebesar 0,269 U/mL dengan komposisi media E1. Ekstrak enzim yang didapat kemudian diaplikasikan untuk dekolorisasi zat warna merah dan biru. Dekolorisasi zat warna diukur menggunakan spektrofotometri dengan panjang gelombang biru pada 470 nm dan merah pada 685 nm. Penurunan dekolorisasi zat warna birudan zat warna merahtertinggi selama 12jam dengan konsentraasi penambahan enzim sebesar 0,5%.Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, enzim ligninolitik sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai agen bioaktif untuk deterjen.[Kata kunci: dekolorisasi, lakase, mangan peroksidase, lignin peroksidase, spektrofotometri]
Biodiesel in Indonesia is synthesized from palm oil into Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME). In Biodiesel B30, FAME and diesel fuels cannot be homogeneous because FAME is hygroscopic and has a higher density than diesel fuels. This problem can be solved by adding emulsifiers. However, the emulsifier production process is currently limited to the laboratory scale. So, it is necessary to simulate the scaling up emulsifier production system and also the classification of the emulsifier product in the quality control section for this process production. Its integration processes and product are also not following the quality standard. This study aims to identify the relation of emulsifier formulation’s attributes then classify the quality according to the emission of NOx gas. The methods used to determine analyzed system requirements are using BPMN 2.0. The rules are then compiled from the existing emulsifier production system using Association Rules Mining (ARM), and the K-means algorithm will cluster the result. These rules can be used as a reference in taking influential attributes for emulsifier formulation. K-Means algorithm models the rules from the ARM into clusters where data in one cluster has the same characteristics and different characteristics from other clusters. The dataset used is hypothetical data from the formulation and quality testing of the emulsifier. This study’s final results are ten attributes that were approved in the emulsifier formulation and 4 clusters of emulsifier product quality based on NOx gas emissions and separated water layers.
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