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Abstract.A cross-sectional observation survey was carried out among 6 to 12 year old child pillion riders travelling to and from schools by motorcycle. The study focuses on the prevalence of carrying multiple child pillion riders at the same time, to determine the relationship between child pillion riders' safety helmet compliance, and their seating position and foot peg use. A total of 701 riders and 913 school children were observed. Riders' safety helmet use rate was found to be significantly higher (66.8%) than that of child pillion riders' helmet use (14.7%) with OR=11.7 (95%CI 9.2-14.9). It was observed that 29.1% riders were carrying more than one child pillion rider; with female riders more likely to carry more than one pillion rider (OR=1.6, 95%CI 1.1-2.2). Observation on foot peg use showed that the rear motorcycle pillion rider (BP) are more likely to use the foot pegs as compared to the one in the middle (MP) (OR=11.7, 95%CI 7.8, 17.5). Safety helmet use by child pillion riders on route to school was found to be generally low. Furthermore, there is a significant difference in the child pillion rider safety helmet use compliance, according to the seating position. Children who are seated in the middle are less likely to use the safety helmet. Rear child pillion riders are more likely to use the foot pegs. To increase helmet use there is a need for public awareness campaigns on the safety benefits of safety helmet use among school children. In addition, to increase safety of children while riding as pillion rider, the law of carrying only one pillion rider must be enforced strictly.

After five years of establishment, ASEAN NCAP has assessed 62 distinct car models available in the ASEAN market and produced 96 ratings based on the Adult Occupant Protection (AOP) and Child Occupant Protection (COP) rating system. The program has so far drawn participation from 20 different brands or OEMs, signifying a mutual understanding between ASEAN NCAP and OEMs to create a 'safer car' environment in the region. This review presents a compilation of the results as well as ASEAN NCAP's distinctive contribution to the automotive ecosystem in Malaysia, where the program was initiated. In a broader sense, ASEAN NCAP has achieved meaningful and promising results toward a safer automotive ecosystem for Malaysian road users and provided added-value to car ownership.

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In terms of vehicle dynamics, motion sickness (MS) occurs because of the large lateral acceleration produced by inappropriate wheel turning. In terms of passenger behavior, subjects experience MS because they normally tilt their heads towards the direction of lateral acceleration. Relating these viewpoints, the increment of MS originates from the large lateral acceleration produced by the inappropriate wheel’s turn, which then causes greater head movement with respect to the lateral acceleration direction. Therefore, this study proposes the utilization of fuzzy-proportional integral derivative (PID) controller for an MS minimization control structure, where the interaction of the lateral acceleration and head tilt concept is adopted to diminish the lateral acceleration. Here, the head movement is used as the controlled variable to compute the corrective wheel angle. The estimation of the head movement is carried out by an estimation model developed by the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) method. An experiment involving a driving simulator was conducted, to verify the proposed control system’s performance in regard to the autonomous vehicle’s passengers. The results show that the averages of motion sickness incidence (MSI) index can be lowered by 3.95% for single lap and 11.49% for ten laps.

Road crossings are considered as an unavoidable part of walking in which the desirable route of pedestrians interacts with vehicles. This interaction may expose the pedestrians to risks or delays. Pedestrian- vehicle collisions are regarded as the most serious type of accidents since they incur high fatality rate of nearly 13 percent. This study has been carried out to fulfil two objectives. First, to identify the contributing factors to road crash, and second, to understand the implementation and effectiveness of a preventive device to reduce road crashes involving pedestrians. Collision avoidance and mitigation systems such as the AEB are intended to reduce accident risks by automatically applying the brakes prior to an accident. Understanding the human action, style and behaviour are the key elements in producing the ideal AEB Pedestrian for the future. This study sheds light on the future direction in the area of road safety by considering preventive actions to reduce the occurrence of road crashes, particularly among pedestrians.

It is envisaged that by the end of 2020, the number of passenger cars ever registered will reach 9.97 million with further projection to 12.64 million by 2040. While most new cars sold in Malaysia have reached ASEAN NCAP's 4- or 5-star rating by improving their safety standards, we can still see aged cars on the road. If the ELV policy were to be enacted in Malaysia, not only the country's economy will flourish but also ASEAN NCAP's endeavours would surely be more fruitful. Nonetheless, the question remains; will there be any policies or regulations regarding old cars in Malaysia such as those implemented in developed countries? In the end, the public must be convinced that an old car with inferior safety features on the road can ultimately lead to a tragedy and should fundamentally outweigh the economic implications to the consumers.