In recent years, there has been major interest in the exposure to physical therapy during rehabilitation. Several publications have demonstrated its usefulness in clinical/medical and human machine interface (HMI) applications. An automated system will guide the user to perform the training during rehabilitation independently. Advances in engineering have extended electromyography (EMG) beyond the traditional diagnostic applications to also include applications in diverse areas such as movement analysis. This paper gives an overview of the numerous methods available to recognize motion patterns of EMG signals for both isotonic and isometric contractions. Various signal analysis methods are compared by illustrating their applicability in real-time settings. This paper will be of interest to researchers who would like to select the most appropriate methodology in classifying motion patterns, especially during different types of contractions. For feature extraction, the probability density function (PDF) of EMG signals will be the main interest of this study. Following that, a brief explanation of the different methods for pre-processing, feature extraction and classifying EMG signals will be compared in terms of their performance. The crux of this paper is to review the most recent developments and research studies related to the issues mentioned above.
A novel concept of a compact magnetorheological valve is proposed based on the advance characteristics of magnetorheological fluid. The structural design consists of a meandering pattern formed by multiple annular and radial gaps in order to extend the flow path length of magnetorheological fluid. Extending the flow path of magnetorheological fluid is important in order to increase the density of effective area, so that the rheological properties of magnetorheological fluid can be widely regulated in a small size magnetorheological valve. The main objective of this article is to show that the pressure drop as one of the key performance indicators in a magnetorheological valve can be significantly increased using multiple annular and radial gaps configuration. In order to demonstrate the magnetorheological valve performance, simulation work using magnetic simulation software called finite element method–based software for magnetic simulation is conducted and combined with the pressure drop calculation using the derived magnetorheological valve model. Simulation results show that the magnetorheological valve with multiple annular and radial gaps is able to improve the achievable pressure drop. The discussion on the effect of gap size variations on the achievable pressure drop and the operational range of magnetorheological valve is also presented.
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