The energy sector has a positive impact within the national GDP in Mexico with US795471.185. The electricity age began in Mexico in 1849, after it began in the United States and Europe. On the other hand, the adequate consumption of energy is indispensable for the economic and social development of a country. The electric power industry is one of the fundamental pillars on which the economy of all countries is based, so that the operation of this sector directly affects the economic growth of Mexico. The current situation in Mexico requires changing the way energy is produced and consumed to ensure sustainable economic development. The world is now facing the challenge of combating climate change, while pursuing economic growth and an equitable distribution of wealth. Electricity cannot be stored because higher costs, so demand and supply must be absolutely balanced in real time. A number of countries, such as the USA, China, Brazil, Japan and Russia, are in a continuous process with a common objective: to provide a reliable and economical electric service. However, in Mexico, the 2013 constitutional reform was implemented, which promotes the improvement of Mexican economies, with the main objective of reducing the cost of electricity and gas. The present research is an approach to the behavior of the energy market.
The objective of this research is to analyze the competitiveness and participation that the main honey exporting countries have, and their behavior in the global market, opening the way to other emergent economies in the international blocks battle and the economic globalization. The American study case is shown because it is the main buyer and for the importance that its providers have in the commercial balance, contrasting the competitive performance between Mexico and its competitors using the competitiveness of exportations in the market method for the 2001-2006 period. The national importance of the exportations to the American market of the apiculture sector for Mexico during the last 16 years is approached in the first section; in the second section it is shown how apiculture has developed internationally using a disclosed advantage index, in the third section the behavior of exportations and importations is shown, and finally a competitiveness analysis is made using the constant market participation analysis method (CMPAM).
Maguey is closely related to the marginalized areas of Mexico and lacks innovation processes; it mainly produces in Oaxaca for Mezcal and the production of pulque in Hidalgo and Tlaxcala. The objective of this study was to financially assess the pulque industry through its differentiation, generating a mead production project for agave syrup with respect to a project that only produces pulque considering the price volatility in states of Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, and Oaxaca. The hypothesis is that uncertainty creates opportunities that add value and benefit the producer. Method: Maguey pulquero prices and yields from 2005 to 2018 were obtained from SIAP. Production costs and investments were obtained from the Xamini S.P.R. of R. I. and were considered for the three states. The possibility of innovating pulque process from a traditional point of view through the Net Present Value (NPV) was analyzed; however, since it does not consider the price volatility, an evaluation was used using real options with binomial trees and Black-Scholes formulas with expansion scenarios to two hectares. Results: Hidalgo had, on average, the best yields, and which positions him as the main producer of this drink; however, its trend was downward. Oaxaca was the entity with the highest critical value (1.771) because it presented greater price volatility; therefore, the risk in investment is higher. Through the traditional evaluation, the projects in the pulque industry of Hidalgo and Tlaxcala were accepted with values greater than unity, not so for Oaxaca. With the evaluation of real options, once it is innovated, the project increased six times more for Hidalgo and Tlaxcala increased 37 times more. The numbers turned positive for Oaxaca, but it did not recover the investment initially; a similar situation occurs when the option is given to expanding the innovation to two hectares. With the evaluation of real options, once it is innovated, the project increased six times more for Hidalgo and Tlaxcala increased 37 times more, for Oaxaca the Discussion: For a differentiated product such as agave syrup, the risk increases, but also the possibilities of increasing your income and being competitive in the market, which happens when the product is associated with the current needs of the consumer. This applies to Hidalgo and Tlaxcala, however, for Oaxaca, the project to differentiate the pulque industry is not very viable, since its production is irrelevant compared to mezcal. This study confirmed the hypothesis, when the product is differentiated in its production process, benefits increase, despite the uncertainty.
Objetivo: realizar un análisis descriptivo de la ciber dependencia, comportamientos asociados en los individuos e influencia en la competitividad para proponer un modelo teórico comprensivo. Método: revisión de literatura en español guiada con cuatro preguntas. Se emplearon dos tipos de análisis: a) estadístico descriptivo y b) análisis unidimensional sobre la frecuencia de palabras. Se localizaron 109 trabajos de los cuales se trabajó finalmente con 54. Resultados: la ciber dependencia es un fenómeno de atracción creciente, por sus implicaciones y efectos, entre los investigadores de habla española. Hallazgos:destaca que la población más estudiada respecto a esto son los estudiantes, dejando fuera los impactos de patologías silenciosas en los trabajadores de empresas, influyendo en la competitividad y crecimiento de la misma. Originalidad: proponer un modelo sobre el fenómeno. Limitaciones: se centró en trabajos publicados en español y únicamente entre 2008 y 2021.
Los mexicanos consumen habitualmente cítricos como naranja, limón, mandarina y toronja, todos con propiedades nutritivas. La citricultura es fuente de ingresos de aproximadamente 67 000 familias. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la eficiencia técnica de los cuatro principales cítricos cultivados en México y cómo inciden sus características funcionales en la demanda nacional e internacional; con la hipótesis de que son productos con variaciones mínimas (menor que uno), teniendo la perspectiva que el consumidor los adquiere por los beneficios a su salud. El Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA) permitió medir la competitividad y la eficiencia. La mandarina y la toronja mostraron posibilidad de crecimiento por su eficiencia de 0.88 y 0.76, respecto a limón y naranja que muestran eficiencia nacional total (DEA=1). En los procesos productivos y de comercialización de la mandarina y la toronja existen áreas de oportunidad, ya que el mercado mundial importa en promedio 40% de estos cítricos. En México, el limón y la toronja cubren 100 % de la demanda nacional, por lo que podrían crearse estrategias para el mercado externo.
La cebolla (Allium cepa) es la segunda hortaliza de mayor producción en el mundo. Estados Unidos es el primer importador mundial y México, Canadá y Perú son sus proveedores principales. En este artículo se evalúa la competitividad de la cebolla producida en México, respecto a la de Canadá y Perú, mediante los indicadores siguientes: la tasa de penetración de importaciones, el índice de similitud de exportaciones, las cuotas de exportación e importación, la ventaja relativa de las exportaciones y la ventaja comparativa revelada. Los resultados muestran que México tiene una ventaja relativa de exportación en el mercado estadounidense; sin embargo, ésta disminuyó y las exportaciones peruanas se incrementaron, debido al aumento de su producción de cebolla amarilla, y a que la competitividad de Canadá es menor. La información contenida en este artículo es útil para diseñar políticas públicas en el sector agrícola, aunque en estudios posteriores se sugiere utilizar variables cualitativas para tener una visión integral.Mexican onion: a competitiveness analysis in the American market, 2002-2013The onion (Allium cepa) is the second most produced vegetable worldwide. The United States is the world’s largest importer of onions, and Mexico, Canada and Peru are its major suppliers. This article evaluates the competitiveness of onions produced in Mexico compared to those of Canada and Peru by using the following indicators: the import penetration rate, the export similarity index, the export and import quotas, the export comparative advantage and the revealed comparative advantage. The results show that Mexico has an export comparative advantage in the American market; however, this advantage decreased and Peruvian exports increased due to an increase in its yellow onion production and because Canada’s competitiveness is lower. The information included in this article is useful for designing public policies in the agricultural sector, although in subsequent studies it is suggested to use qualitative variables in order to have a comprehensive vision.
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