Cocoa is one of the main products consumed worldwide that is similar to coffee; a primary difference between coffee and cocoa is that cocoa is produced in developing countries and is consumed mainly in industrialized countries. Mexico was the country that made cocoa known to the world. The objective of the study was to analyze the competitiveness at the macroeconomic level of the Mexican cocoa product in the world during the period 2010–2021. A macroeconomic analysis was carried out using six indices: Balassa index, Vollrath Index, Additive Revealed Competitive Advantage Ratio, Trade Openness Index, Export and Import Index, and Self-Sufficiency Index. The industrialization of cocoa is the denaturation of the product, which is launched onto the market with little or no nutritional content, due to the alteration of the raw material with formulas based on vegetable fats, artificial colors, and flavors. For example, a commercial chocolate bar can have only 25–35% cocoa mass, semisweet chocolate bars can vary from 45 to 99% cocoa, while white chocolate bars only contain cocoa butter, milk, and sugar. These facts result in a decrease in the competitiveness of the product in the international market, in addition to the effects produced on its profitability for the producer—an increase in the cost of raw materials and a drop in real profits. These factors generate dependency on the international market for the production.
Entrepreneurial orientation influences the development of organizations and the need to undertake it implies assuming certain risks for entrepreneurs who must respond to the constant dynamism of the business world in search of new opportunities for success. The objective was to find the conditions for and against the entrepreneurial orientation that exists in the State of Hidalgo, through the opinion of 300 experts in entrepreneurship. A measuring instrument was used and adapted in 2019 by the National Network of MSMEs (micro, small and medium enterprises) of the Consortium of Mexican Universities (CUMEX), based on the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the information was collected through an online questionnaire. The main results show the need to strengthen entrepreneurial orientation, improving aspects regarding financing, government programs, the opening of the internal market and regulations, and social and cultural issues; likewise, an important finding is that the generalized perception of this phenomenon is more positive than if each dimension is analyzed in a particular way, along with the factors that compose it. This study can contribute to the generation of a better entrepreneurial culture that encourages the creation of new businesses.
After the declaration of the COVID 19 pandemic, jobs and occupations had to return to normal, however many people lost their main source of resources, so the incorporation of women in different ventures has been a flag to get ahead with work for their families, so the objective of this work is to identify opinions about entrepreneurs, using the technique of sentimental analysis to classify unstructured information from public tweets using for data processing, the Rstudio software with the retweet, word cloud and emo libraries collecting the feelings that people have through the microblogging platform Twitter in the period from June 20 to July 10, 2022. The results show that 74.53% of users perceive positive and very positive feelings toward women entrepreneurs, so it can be concluded that the impact of the incorporation of women entrepreneurs, which although at this time is still uncertain is perceived as an important factor for the economic recovery.
The Value Stream Mapping (VSM) tool is the graphical representation of the current and future state of the production system, used to identify waste in a specific process and is recommended for companies that want to start on the Lean Manufacturing path. This article presents a documentary analysis of its application to know the benefits and limitations that can be found at the moment of making decisions about it. As a result, it was found that the VSM is easy and simple to apply and consists of five main steps for its development; however, inadequate application, lack of knowledge of the processes, and their complexity requires the use of other tools to complement its results when making decisions.
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