The energy sector has a positive impact within the national GDP in Mexico with US795471.185. The electricity age began in Mexico in 1849, after it began in the United States and Europe. On the other hand, the adequate consumption of energy is indispensable for the economic and social development of a country. The electric power industry is one of the fundamental pillars on which the economy of all countries is based, so that the operation of this sector directly affects the economic growth of Mexico. The current situation in Mexico requires changing the way energy is produced and consumed to ensure sustainable economic development. The world is now facing the challenge of combating climate change, while pursuing economic growth and an equitable distribution of wealth. Electricity cannot be stored because higher costs, so demand and supply must be absolutely balanced in real time. A number of countries, such as the USA, China, Brazil, Japan and Russia, are in a continuous process with a common objective: to provide a reliable and economical electric service. However, in Mexico, the 2013 constitutional reform was implemented, which promotes the improvement of Mexican economies, with the main objective of reducing the cost of electricity and gas. The present research is an approach to the behavior of the energy market.
The objective of this research is to analyze the competitiveness and participation that the main honey exporting countries have, and their behavior in the global market, opening the way to other emergent economies in the international blocks battle and the economic globalization. The American study case is shown because it is the main buyer and for the importance that its providers have in the commercial balance, contrasting the competitive performance between Mexico and its competitors using the competitiveness of exportations in the market method for the 2001-2006 period. The national importance of the exportations to the American market of the apiculture sector for Mexico during the last 16 years is approached in the first section; in the second section it is shown how apiculture has developed internationally using a disclosed advantage index, in the third section the behavior of exportations and importations is shown, and finally a competitiveness analysis is made using the constant market participation analysis method (CMPAM).
Maguey is closely related to the marginalized areas of Mexico and lacks innovation processes; it mainly produces in Oaxaca for Mezcal and the production of pulque in Hidalgo and Tlaxcala. The objective of this study was to financially assess the pulque industry through its differentiation, generating a mead production project for agave syrup with respect to a project that only produces pulque considering the price volatility in states of Hidalgo, Tlaxcala, and Oaxaca. The hypothesis is that uncertainty creates opportunities that add value and benefit the producer. Method: Maguey pulquero prices and yields from 2005 to 2018 were obtained from SIAP. Production costs and investments were obtained from the Xamini S.P.R. of R. I. and were considered for the three states. The possibility of innovating pulque process from a traditional point of view through the Net Present Value (NPV) was analyzed; however, since it does not consider the price volatility, an evaluation was used using real options with binomial trees and Black-Scholes formulas with expansion scenarios to two hectares. Results: Hidalgo had, on average, the best yields, and which positions him as the main producer of this drink; however, its trend was downward. Oaxaca was the entity with the highest critical value (1.771) because it presented greater price volatility; therefore, the risk in investment is higher. Through the traditional evaluation, the projects in the pulque industry of Hidalgo and Tlaxcala were accepted with values greater than unity, not so for Oaxaca. With the evaluation of real options, once it is innovated, the project increased six times more for Hidalgo and Tlaxcala increased 37 times more. The numbers turned positive for Oaxaca, but it did not recover the investment initially; a similar situation occurs when the option is given to expanding the innovation to two hectares. With the evaluation of real options, once it is innovated, the project increased six times more for Hidalgo and Tlaxcala increased 37 times more, for Oaxaca the Discussion: For a differentiated product such as agave syrup, the risk increases, but also the possibilities of increasing your income and being competitive in the market, which happens when the product is associated with the current needs of the consumer. This applies to Hidalgo and Tlaxcala, however, for Oaxaca, the project to differentiate the pulque industry is not very viable, since its production is irrelevant compared to mezcal. This study confirmed the hypothesis, when the product is differentiated in its production process, benefits increase, despite the uncertainty.
El éxito en la operatividad de un destino turístico depende de la gestión adecuada de distintos recursos materiales e inmateriales (humanos, materiales, financieros, entre otros aspectos importantes); del diseño de políticas públicas y de la cooperación del tejido empresarial, entre otros aspectos importantes. Es por ello que, la presente investigación analiza grosso modo la dinámica de la cooperación entre las empresas turísticas como estrategia para incentivar la innovación.
Objetivo: comparar las ganancias del cultivo de agave en su uso tradicional como materia prima para la producción de tequila y en su valoración innovadora empleada para obtener inulina en los estados de Jalisco, Guanajuato, Michoacán y Nayarit, México considerando el riesgo de los precios y evaluación del proyecto ante escenarios de incertidumbre.Diseño/metodología/aproximación: El primer paso fue calcular las tasas de crecimiento continuas del precio de cada entidad para el período 2005-2017. Se realizaron dos evaluaciones para las entidades objeto de estudio, una con metodologías tradicional (empleando el Valor Actual Neto, VAN) para valorar el uso del agave en la obtención del tequila, y otra cimentada en opciones reales con árboles binomiales y fórmulas de Black y Scholes que permiten considerar el riesgo y evaluación del proyecto ante escenarios de incertidumbre dada su innovación.Resultados: La evaluación tradicional mostró que su uso para obtener tequila es viable (rentable); sin embargo, mediante opciones reales una vez que se diferencia el uso del agave de forma innovadora, el valor del proyecto aumentó en las cuatro entidades. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: No se identificaron los costos y producción de las entidades estudiadas a un plazo mayor.Hallazgos/conclusiones: La diferenciación del agave empleándolo para la producción de inulina incrementa las probabilidades de enfrentar positivamente un futuro incierto. Palabras clave: innovación, volatilidad, evaluación de proyectos tradicional, árboles binomiales, fórmulas de Black y Scholes.
La competitividad de una empresa también es el reflejo de su crecimiento económico y éste, a su vez, permite a los individuos mejorar su calidad de vida. El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en analizar la percepción de estudiantes universitarios, como parte de los stakeholders de las empresas de un municipio mexiquense, por aplicar la RSE durante la pandemia, con la finalidad tener un panorama de su perspectiva como consumidores y que sirva como referencia para futuros emprendimientos. Se aplicaron 75 encuestas entre jóvenes universitarios de diferentes instituciones de Valle de Chalco con un método de muestreo por conveniencia, se emplearon tablas de contingencia que permitieron el análisis de variables cualitativas y laji cuadrada para obtener la probabilidad de que dos variables se encuentren relacionadas. Los resultados arrojan que aún hay desconfianza del término y buen uso de la RSE. El 85% de los encuestados considero que en Valle de Chalco no hay empresas que cumplan éstas características. Los resultados aquí descritos pueden ser un área de oportunidad para las empresas de la zona y la RSE debe generar ventajas competitivas que permitan diferenciar a las organizaciones que la aplican.
The Unbearable Lightness Of Being" tells a story narrated in the way of a novel, where love relationships are addressed from the sentimental, social, anthropological and philosophical point of view. In this story you can see how carnal passions flow in a context that affects the emotional ties between Tomás and Teresa, a Czechoslovak couple living during the Prague Spring of 1968, when after an failed revolution attempt the country subdues more under the yoke of the Soviet Union, causing a setback in its political and economical situation. Throughout history, Kundera uses very graphic elements that describe the passion and sensuality of the characters making it impossible to disassociate from the circumstances to fully undersand topics as love, politics, sexuality and the conception of being that the author contrasts so clearly Resumen:
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