No abstract

The phenology of a winter moth population originating from tributaries of the river Rhine (50°30′ N) was investigated. The eggs spend winter in the canopy of the trees without chilling to be necessary for larval eclosion. Larval development was temperature dependent with a theoretical development null point at 1.5 and 1.8 °C., calculated according to time of development as well as larval growth rate (R.G.R.). Photoperiod had no effect. Influence of the host plant (Salix spp.) was obvious (p < 0.01) in only 1 of 21 examples. In the field, pupal aestivation was a mean of 171 d. Aestivation period differed between sexes, with aestivation 7 d shorter in males (p < 0.001). Photoperiod had a minor effect with 4 d shorter at short‐day (LD 8/16) comparing to long‐day (LD 16/8) (p < 0.05). An influence of temperature was evident during the initial phase of aestivation resulting in a time of pupation which deviated by a maximum of 10 d (p < 0.05). When temperatures differed during the terminal phase of aestivation, the effect on time of pupation was more pronounced. The shortest aestivation period was found at 10°C (= 169 d). At lower temperatures (5 °C) and higher temperatures (20 °C) time of adult emergence was retarded to > 200 d. Host plants, in the main did not influence pupation period. Within the population two different reaction patterns were found which may synchronize the development of individuals: 1. When larval development was accelerated by high temperatures resulting in an early date of pupation, the subsequent aestivation period was prolonged. 2. When larvae fed on young leaves later in the season rather than on leaves growing earlier, time of larval development was shortened. Fecundity of females was temperature dependent with an optimum value at 10 °C. At lower and higher temperatures the mean number of eggs/ ♀ decreased. Photoperiod did not influence fecundity and the host plants the larvae fed on, mostly had no effect. Zusammenfassung Einfluß von Temperatur, Photoperiode und Wirtspflanze auf die Entwicklung und Fekundität des Kleinen Frostspanners (Operophtera hrumata L.) Die Phänologie des Kleinen Frostspanners wurde am Beispiel einer Population aus dem Ahrtal (50°30′N) untersucht. Die Eier überwintern und entwickeln sich an Zweigen verschiedener Laubbäume, ohne daß der Einfluß niedriger Temperaturen zur Beendigung der Embryonalentwicklung erforderlich war. Die Larvenentwicklung ist temperaturabhängig, mit einem theoretischen Entwicklungsnullpunkt bei 1–2 °C. Dieser Wert ergab sich einerseits nach der Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit, andererseits nach der Wachstumsrate (R.G.R.). Larvalentwicklung und Aestivationsperiode der Puppe wurden kaum durch die Photoperiode oder durch die Wirtspflanzen (Salix spp.) beeinflußt. Allerdings wurden zwei verschiedene Reaktionsmuster festgestellt, die als Synchronisationsmechanismen der Individualentwicklungen innerhalb von Populationen gedeutet wurden. 1. Fand die Larvalentwicklung bei hohen Temperaturen (20 °C) statt und erfolgte dadurch der Zeitpunkt der Verpu...

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Considering the intriguing relationship between immune system and behavior recently described in mammals, and the lack of information of this relationship in fish, here we describe for the first time the interaction between the immune system and social and exploratory behavior in zebrafish. Fish high responders to novelty (HRN) presented a proinflammatory profile, with increased IL-1β and reduced IL-10 expression compared to fish low responders to novelty (LRN). Likewise, fish less responsive to social stimuli have a reduced expression of INF-γ. We show that fish with different behavior patterns have differences in the immune response. Our findings indicate that the interplay between immune system and behavior in zebrafish is similar to that found in mammalian models and that zebrafish should be considered as a potential model organism to study the relationship between immune system and behavior.

Introdução: A Diabetes mellitus (tipo 1 e 2) é um das principais doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Caracteriza-se por problemas na secreção de insulina, hiperglicemia e etc. A insulinoterapia é uma das mais utilizadas, principalmente para pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1. O Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) disponibiliza à população as insulinas NPH e Regular, glicosímetro e suas tiras reagentes (fitas de HGT), lancetas e seringas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever o perfil de dispensação de insulinas e insumos em duas Unidades de Saúde da Família (USF's) do Jaboatão dos Guararapes-PE. Material e Método: Foi realizado um estudo observacional do controle de dispensação de insulinas e insumos, insulinas NPH e Regular, fitas de HGT, lancetas e seringas, das USF's Santo Aleixo I, II e III e Frei Damião I e II do Município do Jaboatão dos Guararapes, no período de julho/2014 à dezembro/2014. Resultados: Na USF Santo Aleixo é feito o cadastro por paciente e dispensação de cada produto, separados pela equipe que faz parte. Esta unidade dispensou 459 insulinas NPH (I-98, II-204 e III-157), 87 insulinas Regular (I-21, II-38 e III-28), 15.510 fitas de HGT (I-5.320, II-5.940 e III-4.250), 16.140 lancetas (II-5.360, II-6.130 e III-4.650), 6.420 seringas 50 UI (I-2.150, II-2.390 e III-1.880) e 4.638 seringas 100 UI (I-610, II-2.250 e III-1.778), média mensal de ±76, ±14, 2.585, 2.690, 1.070 e 773, respectivamente. A USF Frei Damião I e II dispensou 290 insulinas NPH, 45 insulinas Regular, 8200 fitas de HGT, 4.562 lancetas e 4.275 seringas, média mensal de 49, ±7, ±1367, ±760 e ±712, respectivamente. Discussão: É importante que o profissional na farmácia faça o controle da dispensação de insulinas e insumos, mas nem todas tem um profissional específico, como estagiário ou técnico em farmácia ou farmacêutico, para realizar esse controle, assim em muitas unidades não é feito da forma correta. A USF Santo Aleixo I, II e III tem um Técnico na Farmácia, mas na USF de Frei Damião não tem esse profissional e as atividades da Farmácia são feitas por outros profissionais da unidade que tem outras atribuições. Na Política de Saúde Família, estes profissionais não tem sua presença obrigatória nas USF's, dificultando a efetividade da Assistência Farmacêutica. Conclusão: A USF Santo Aleixo I, II e III apresentou um bom controle da insulinoterpia, o mesmo não foi a observado na USF Frei Damião I e II. É fundamental a presença de um profissional específico na Farmácia das USF's para um bom controle da dispensação de insulinas e insumos.

No abstract

Larvae of the winter moth Operophteru brurnutu were fed on a variety of willow species which had bud burst up to 4 weeks prior to the oak bud burst. The larvae were analyzed for growth, feeding efficiency and nitrogen budgets as a function of host plant, nutrient content and temperature. Furthermore, the reproductive success of females was tested according to the host plants used as food during their larval stage.Within the temperature range from 5 O to 20 "C consumption rate (RCR) and growth rate (RGR) of larvae increased but the overall efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) was unaffected. Using an alternating regime with daily temperatures fluctuating by 10 "C over a period of 12 h, each RGR and the maximum larval weight were the same as found at the mean constant temperature. An alternating regime, however, did increase the RCR of larvae. Feeding performance of larvae was also affected by the host plants. Food consumption increased with decreasing plant quality. Although the increase in RCR did not, however, revent a total decline in RGR, both, the maximum larval weight and the weight of freshly emerged Emales were similar between the various trials conducted.The results indicate that the consumption and utilization of food are dynamic processes and that caterpillars in early spring exhibit compensatory responses to changes in temperature as well as to the host plant. An analysis of both the nutrient content (nitrogen and water) of the willow species and of the caterpillar utilization indices upon each host plant did not show any consistent trends.If larvae fed later in the season rather than in the early spring, such compensatory responses were not found. Instead, a decline in RGR, feeding time and/or RCR occurred resulting in a lowering of the maximum weight of larvae hatching at a later time.The mean weight of females according to the different willow species upon which the larvae had fed, did not differ from the mean weight of females originating from oak trees; nor are there differences in fecundity. Hence, winter moth caterpillars may find adequate host plants in early spring before oak bud burst occurs. At the time of oak leaf flush, however, the quality of foliage of at least some willow species may already be suboptimal for 0. brurnutu development.

Environmental enrichment is widely used to improve welfare and behavioral performance of animal species. It ensures housing of laboratory animals in environments with space and complexity that enable the expression of their normal behavioral repertoire. Auditory enrichment by exposure to classical music decreases abnormal behaviors and endocrine stress responses in humans, non-humans primates, and rodents. However, little is known about the role of auditory enrichment in laboratory zebrafish. Given the growing importance of zebrafish for neuroscience research, such studies become critical. To examine whether auditory enrichment by classical music can affect fish behavior and physiology, we exposed adult zebrafish to 2 h of Vivaldi’s music (65–75 dB) twice daily, for 15 days. Overall, zebrafish exposed to such auditory stimuli were less anxious in the novel tank test and less active, calmer in the light-dark test, also affecting zebrafish physiological (immune) biomarkers, decreasing peripheral levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing the activity of some CNS genes, without overt effects on whole-body cortisol levels. In summary, we report that twice-daily exposure to continuous musical sounds may provide benefits over the ongoing 50–55 dB background noise of equipment in the laboratory setting. Overall, our results support utilizing auditory enrichment in laboratory zebrafish to reduce stress and improve welfare in this experimental aquatic organism.