Effect of dietary supplementation with citral-loaded nanostructured systems on innate immune responses and gut microbiota of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

Meta‐analysis of the use of seaweeds and their extracts as immunostimulants for fish: a systematic review

“…The second highest increase in lysozyme activity was +323% in olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed the brown seaweed Ecklonia cava powder supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum , included at 1% in the diet (Lee et al 2016). Ironically, the ‘combination’ category also included the lowest value of lysozyme activity, which was a decrease of 196% compared with the unsupplemented diet for the silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen , with citral‐loaded alginate nanoparticles (a brown seaweed extract from an unknown seaweed source; Sutili et al 2019).…”

“…Cordero et al (2015) also investigated haemolytic activity (0%), respiratory burst (−20%) and phagocytic activity (+6.2%) in fish but none of these were significantly different from the control fish. More recent studies by Asaduzzaman et al (2019) and Sutili et al (2019) investigated the effect of seaweed‐based (non‐probiotic) treatments on the gut microbiome of fish and the immune response of fish and used more advanced bacterial diagnostic tools, including next‐gen sequencing (Asaduzzaman et al (2019) and real‐time PCR to target‐specific bacteria ( Aeromonas spp. and A. hydrophyla; Sutili et al (2019).…”

“…More recent studies by Asaduzzaman et al (2019) and Sutili et al (2019) investigated the effect of seaweed‐based (non‐probiotic) treatments on the gut microbiome of fish and the immune response of fish and used more advanced bacterial diagnostic tools, including next‐gen sequencing (Asaduzzaman et al (2019) and real‐time PCR to target‐specific bacteria ( Aeromonas spp. and A. hydrophyla; Sutili et al (2019). However, in the case of Sutili et al (2019), sodium alginate (brown seaweed extract) was not the ingredient of interest but was rather used as a carrier for citral, which was considered the active component of the diet.…”

“…and A. hydrophyla; Sutili et al (2019). However, in the case of Sutili et al (2019), sodium alginate (brown seaweed extract) was not the ingredient of interest but was rather used as a carrier for citral, which was considered the active component of the diet. Regardless of the ingredient, both supplemented diets resulted in a decrease in the total bacterial abundance but an increase in abundance of Aeromonas species including the pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophyla .…”

“…Gut microbiome and innate immunity in farmed finfish The gut microbiota of fish has a strong influence on their metabolism, nutrition and immunity (Egerton et al 2018). However, in the 142 publications reviewed, only four investigated the effects of the treatments on gut microbiome as well as the innate immune functions (Cordero et al 2015;Vidal et al 2016;Sutili et al 2019;Asaduzzaman et al 2019). The two earlier studies used the probiotic Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp1 supplemented with sodium alginate (brown seaweed extract) in their treatments.…”