The phenology of a winter moth population originating from tributaries of the river Rhine (50°30′ N) was investigated. The eggs spend winter in the canopy of the trees without chilling to be necessary for larval eclosion. Larval development was temperature dependent with a theoretical development null point at 1.5 and 1.8 °C., calculated according to time of development as well as larval growth rate (R.G.R.). Photoperiod had no effect. Influence of the host plant (Salix spp.) was obvious (p < 0.01) in only 1 of 21 examples. In the field, pupal aestivation was a mean of 171 d. Aestivation period differed between sexes, with aestivation 7 d shorter in males (p < 0.001). Photoperiod had a minor effect with 4 d shorter at short‐day (LD 8/16) comparing to long‐day (LD 16/8) (p < 0.05). An influence of temperature was evident during the initial phase of aestivation resulting in a time of pupation which deviated by a maximum of 10 d (p < 0.05). When temperatures differed during the terminal phase of aestivation, the effect on time of pupation was more pronounced. The shortest aestivation period was found at 10°C (= 169 d). At lower temperatures (5 °C) and higher temperatures (20 °C) time of adult emergence was retarded to > 200 d. Host plants, in the main did not influence pupation period. Within the population two different reaction patterns were found which may synchronize the development of individuals: 1. When larval development was accelerated by high temperatures resulting in an early date of pupation, the subsequent aestivation period was prolonged. 2. When larvae fed on young leaves later in the season rather than on leaves growing earlier, time of larval development was shortened. Fecundity of females was temperature dependent with an optimum value at 10 °C. At lower and higher temperatures the mean number of eggs/ ♀ decreased. Photoperiod did not influence fecundity and the host plants the larvae fed on, mostly had no effect. Zusammenfassung Einfluß von Temperatur, Photoperiode und Wirtspflanze auf die Entwicklung und Fekundität des Kleinen Frostspanners (Operophtera hrumata L.) Die Phänologie des Kleinen Frostspanners wurde am Beispiel einer Population aus dem Ahrtal (50°30′N) untersucht. Die Eier überwintern und entwickeln sich an Zweigen verschiedener Laubbäume, ohne daß der Einfluß niedriger Temperaturen zur Beendigung der Embryonalentwicklung erforderlich war. Die Larvenentwicklung ist temperaturabhängig, mit einem theoretischen Entwicklungsnullpunkt bei 1–2 °C. Dieser Wert ergab sich einerseits nach der Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeit, andererseits nach der Wachstumsrate (R.G.R.). Larvalentwicklung und Aestivationsperiode der Puppe wurden kaum durch die Photoperiode oder durch die Wirtspflanzen (Salix spp.) beeinflußt. Allerdings wurden zwei verschiedene Reaktionsmuster festgestellt, die als Synchronisationsmechanismen der Individualentwicklungen innerhalb von Populationen gedeutet wurden. 1. Fand die Larvalentwicklung bei hohen Temperaturen (20 °C) statt und erfolgte dadurch der Zeitpunkt der Verpu...
Considering the intriguing relationship between immune system and behavior recently described in mammals, and the lack of information of this relationship in fish, here we describe for the first time the interaction between the immune system and social and exploratory behavior in zebrafish. Fish high responders to novelty (HRN) presented a proinflammatory profile, with increased IL-1β and reduced IL-10 expression compared to fish low responders to novelty (LRN). Likewise, fish less responsive to social stimuli have a reduced expression of INF-γ. We show that fish with different behavior patterns have differences in the immune response. Our findings indicate that the interplay between immune system and behavior in zebrafish is similar to that found in mammalian models and that zebrafish should be considered as a potential model organism to study the relationship between immune system and behavior.
Introdução: A Diabetes mellitus (tipo 1 e 2) é um das principais doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Caracteriza-se por problemas na secreção de insulina, hiperglicemia e etc. A insulinoterapia é uma das mais utilizadas, principalmente para pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1. O Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) disponibiliza à população as insulinas NPH e Regular, glicosímetro e suas tiras reagentes (fitas de HGT), lancetas e seringas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever o perfil de dispensação de insulinas e insumos em duas Unidades de Saúde da Família (USF's) do Jaboatão dos Guararapes-PE. Material e Método: Foi realizado um estudo observacional do controle de dispensação de insulinas e insumos, insulinas NPH e Regular, fitas de HGT, lancetas e seringas, das USF's Santo Aleixo I, II e III e Frei Damião I e II do Município do Jaboatão dos Guararapes, no período de julho/2014 à dezembro/2014. Resultados: Na USF Santo Aleixo é feito o cadastro por paciente e dispensação de cada produto, separados pela equipe que faz parte. Esta unidade dispensou 459 insulinas NPH (I-98, II-204 e III-157), 87 insulinas Regular (I-21, II-38 e III-28), 15.510 fitas de HGT (I-5.320, II-5.940 e III-4.250), 16.140 lancetas (II-5.360, II-6.130 e III-4.650), 6.420 seringas 50 UI (I-2.150, II-2.390 e III-1.880) e 4.638 seringas 100 UI (I-610, II-2.250 e III-1.778), média mensal de ±76, ±14, 2.585, 2.690, 1.070 e 773, respectivamente. A USF Frei Damião I e II dispensou 290 insulinas NPH, 45 insulinas Regular, 8200 fitas de HGT, 4.562 lancetas e 4.275 seringas, média mensal de 49, ±7, ±1367, ±760 e ±712, respectivamente. Discussão: É importante que o profissional na farmácia faça o controle da dispensação de insulinas e insumos, mas nem todas tem um profissional específico, como estagiário ou técnico em farmácia ou farmacêutico, para realizar esse controle, assim em muitas unidades não é feito da forma correta. A USF Santo Aleixo I, II e III tem um Técnico na Farmácia, mas na USF de Frei Damião não tem esse profissional e as atividades da Farmácia são feitas por outros profissionais da unidade que tem outras atribuições. Na Política de Saúde Família, estes profissionais não tem sua presença obrigatória nas USF's, dificultando a efetividade da Assistência Farmacêutica. Conclusão: A USF Santo Aleixo I, II e III apresentou um bom controle da insulinoterpia, o mesmo não foi a observado na USF Frei Damião I e II. É fundamental a presença de um profissional específico na Farmácia das USF's para um bom controle da dispensação de insulinas e insumos.
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