BackgroundTB/HIV coinfection is a serious public health issue in Brazil, and patients with coinfection have difficulty adhering to treatments. Directly observed treatment (DOT) has been recommended by the World Health Organization, considering the vulnerability of those affected. The purpose is to investigate the occurrence of DOT and associated factors compared to conventional treatment in Porto Alegre, Brazil.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was carried out with all patients with coinfection from 2009 to 2013 in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil, the state capital with the highest rate of coinfection in Brazil. The data came from national health information systems. The dependent variable was the performance of DOT. Bivariate and multivariable models were used to determine factors associated with DOT. The percentage of cure and death was verified in a period of two years, comparing patients who received and did not receive DOT.Results2,400 cases of coinfection were reported, with 1,574 males and 826 females and a mean age of 38 years ± 9.91 years. The occurrence of DOT was 16.9%. In the multivariable analysis, factors independently associated to DOT were the year (with greater chances of being received in 2012 and 2013), place of origin, non-white race (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.08–1.54), cases of relapse (OR = 1.33; 95% CI = 1.03–1.73), readmission after abandonment (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.20–1.83), transfer (OR = 2.04; 95% CI = 1.40–2.98), acid-fast bacilli (AFB) test with positive result in first sample (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.24–2.42), alcohol abuse (OR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.16–1.67), and mental disorders (OR = 1.83; 95% CI = 1.38–2.44.) Of the 532 cases of death, occurring in two years, 10.2% were in patients who underwent DOT and 89.8% in patients who did not undergo DOT (p<0.001). O percentual de óbitos em pessoas que receberam DOT foi de 13% e o percentual de óbitos para pessoas que receberam tratamento convencional foi de 24%.ConclusionsThere was an increase in the percentage of DOT over the years in the scenario studied, and the predictors for DOT were related to social vulnerability. In relation to death within two years, a lower proportion was found in patients who underwent DOT, suggesting a protective effect of the strategy.
This article aims at finding teacher’s and student’s practices that relate to performance in PISA reading literacy evaluations and that are feasible to intervene in order to assist the improvement of reading competency. To achieve this purpose, the study was developed with data collected from the population of Costa Rica that took the PISA evaluation in 2018 (n = 4691, 2340 men, and 2351 women). A linear regression of the reading score was performed utilizing plausible values and sampling weights. The predictors of the regression were contextual factors, teacher practices, and student habits. Time spent and interest in reading showed a positive and relevant association with student’s performance in reading, controlling important background aspects like economic resources and parents' education. Moreover, 28.19% to the obtained variance explanation of the reading literacy (27%) was only due to the teacher’s and student’s practices. These results provide favorable information to design interventions for the improvement of reading competency.
Background There are many inequalities in terms of prevention and treatment for pregnant women with HIV and exposed children in low and middle-income countries. The Brazilian protocol for prenatal care includes rapid diagnostic testing for HIV, compulsory notification, and monitoring by the epidemiological surveillance of children exposed to HIV until 18 months after delivery. The case is closed after HIV serology results are obtained. Lost to follow-up is defined as a child who was not located at the end of the case, and, therefore, did not have a laboratory diagnosis. Lost to follow-up is a current problem and has been documented in other countries. This study analyzed factors associated with loss to follow-up among HIV-exposed children, including sociodemographic, behavioral, and health variables of mothers of children lost to follow-up. Methods This historical cohort study included information on mothers of children exposed to HIV, born in Porto Alegre, from 2000 to 2017. The research outcome was the classification at the end of the child's follow-up (lost to follow-up or not). Factors associated with loss to follow-up were investigated using the Poisson regression model. Relative Risk calculations were performed. The significance level of 5% was adopted for variables in the adjusted model. Results Of 6,836 children exposed to HIV, 1,763 (25.8%) were classified as lost to follow-up. The factors associated were: maternal age of up to 22 years (aRR 1.25, 95% CI: 1.09–1.43), the mother’s self-declared race/color being black or mixed (aRR 1.13, 95% CI: 1.03–1.25), up to three years of schooling (aRR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.26–1.67), between four and seven years of schooling (aRR 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02–1.28), intravenous drug use (aRR 1.29, 95% CI: 1.12–1.50), and HIV diagnosis during prenatal care or at delivery (aRR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.24–1.52). Conclusion Variables related to individual vulnerability, such as race, age, schooling, and variables related to social and programmatic vulnerability, remain central to reducing loss to follow-up among HIV-exposed children.
136Objetivo: comparar a atenção à saúde dos usuários com hipertensão arterial sistêmica ofertada no Rio Grande do Sul com aquela ofertada nas demais unidades federativas do país. Método: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, observacional e analítico, de cunho ecológico, com dados oriundos do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e da Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB), ano 2012. A amostra nacional foi composta por 65.391 usuários, dos quais 36,5% possuía hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Comparações foram realizadas quanto à atenção a saúde dos 23.797 hipertensos residentes no Rio Grande do Sul (RS) e nas demais UFs. Resultados: A prevalência de HAS no RS foi de 35,9% (n = 1.156). Observou-se diferença estatística entre RS e demais UFs quanto à ocorrência de consulta nos últimos 6 meses (p<0,001), realização de exames (p<0,001), agendamento de consulta (p<0,001), e local de retirada de medicamentos (p<0,001). Conclusões: Apesar do RS ser apontado como uma das UFs com maior prevalência de HAS, as comparações apontam melhores resultados nas demais UFs quanto à atenção a saúde do hipertenso na atenção básica. Os resultados permitem discutir melhorias de acesso e qualidade da atenção básica. Sugere-se que o PMAQ-AB inclua questões relativas à adesão ao tratamento e questões sobre o tratamento não medicamentoso para a avaliação da qualidade da atenção à saúde do hipertenso. Palavras-chave:Hipertensão; Promoção da Saúde; Atenção Primária à Saúde; Saúde Pública. Abstract:Objective: To compare the health care provided for users who suffer from systemic arterial hypertension in Rio Grande do Sul and other states of Brazil. Method: This is an epidemiological, observational and analytic ecological study with data from the National Program for Access and Quality Improvement in Primary Care (PMAQ-AB) -2012. The sample consisted of 65,391 users, 36.5% of whom suffered from systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and answered questions regarding health care for hypertensive patients in primary care facilities. The service provided in Rio Grande do Sul was compared to that of other states. Results: The prevalence of SAH in the national sample was 36.5% (n = 23,797),
The discourse of healthcare providers about attention and hypertability deficit disorder (ADHD) Évelin Maria BrandGraduanda em Enfermagem pela UFRGS.
Introdução: Porto Alegre (RS) apresenta elevada taxa de transmissão vertical. Perda de seguimento é aquela criança que foi exposta ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana e que, no momento do encerramento do caso, não foi localizada na rede de saúde para a realização de diagnóstico laboratorial. Objetivo: Contribuir para o aprimoramento do sistema de vigilância de crianças expostas ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana na cidade de Porto Alegre, por meio da busca ativa das perdas de seguimento. Métodos: Estudo com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa. O componente qualitativo consiste em registros em diários de campo e entrevista em profundidade de mães de crianças expostas ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana. O componente quantitativo é um estudo de coorte histórica em Porto Alegre no período de 2000 a 2017, com 8.520 gestantes e crianças. Apresenta-se a descrição do trabalho de campo da busca ativa de crianças expostas ao vírus da imunodeficiência humana, registradas como perda de seguimento. Trata-se de estudo em andamento. Resultados: Foram visitadas 53 unidades de saúde para a busca ativa de 208 crianças. Em muitos casos não foi possível realizar a abordagem por motivos diversos (presença de outros familiares no domicílio, agendamento na unidade de saúde sem comparecimento, mudança de endereço). Foram abordadas 97 mães e crianças, e 7 mães recusaram participação na pesquisa. Entre as 90 restantes, 54 já haviam realizado o teste anti-vírus da imunodeficiência humana, mas não havia laudo no sistema. Foram testadas 36 crianças, das quais 3 apresentaram sorologia positiva. Situação socioeconômica, ausência de conhecimentos e condições psicológicas foram algumas barreiras identificadas. Conclusão: O estudo revela os contextos de vulnerabilidade nos quais as mulheres e as crianças estão inseridas, sinalizando aos serviços de saúde a necessidade de conhecer essa realidade para tentar evitar a perda de seguimento. Para a busca ativa, a pesquisa criou uma lista de sistemas que servem de base para o monitoramento.
Background: There are many inequalities in terms of prevention and treatment for pregnant women with HIV and exposed children in low and middle income countries. The Brazilian protocol for prenatal care includes rapid diagnostic testing for HIV, compulsory notification, and monitoring by the epidemiological surveillance of children exposed to HIV until 18 months after delivery. The case is closed after HIV serology results are obtained. Loss to follow-up is defined as a child who was not located at the end of the case, and, therefore, did not have a laboratory diagnosis. Loss to follow-up is a current problem and has been documented in other countries. This study analyzed the incidence of loss to follow-up of children exposed to HIV and the sociodemographic, behavioral and health variables of associated pregnant women. Methods: This historical cohort study included information on pregnant women living with HIV and the outcome of the child’s exposure to HIV. The association between predictors and the child’s outcome as a loss to follow-up was investigated using the Poisson Regression model. Relative Risk calculations were performed. The significance level of 5% was adopted for variables in the adjusted model. Results: Between 2000 and 2017, of 6,836 children exposed to HIV, 1,763 (25.8%) were classified as loss to follow-up. The factors associated were: maternal age of up to 22 years (aRR 1.25, 95% CI: 1.09-1.43), the mother’s self-declared race/color being black or mixed (aRR 1.13, 95% CI: 1.03-1.25), up to three years of schooling (aRR 1.45, 95% CI: 1.26-1.67), between four and seven years of schooling (aRR 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02-1.28), intravenous drug use (aRR 1.29, 95% CI: 1.12-1.50), and HIV diagnosis during prenatal care or at delivery (aRR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.24-1.52). Conclusion: Variables related to the individual, social and programmatic vulnerability of pregnant women were evidenced.
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