Decalcification of hard tissues has remained an important part in visualizing the histology of the section.For the process of decalcification various decalcifying agents have been used in the past but very limited studies can be found in the literature about the comparison of various decalcifying agents. Aim: Here we present a study comparing three different decalcifying agents (10% Nitric acid, EDTA, 10 % Formic acid). Methodology: 30 freshly extracted premolars were decalcified using three different decalcifying agents.The end point of decalcification was tested by chemical methods. The decalcified sections were routinely processed and staining was done using Hematoxylin and Eosin. Result: Sections decalcified with EDTA gave better results as compared to the other two groups. Conclusion: EDTA is a better option for decalcification of tooth but it has a slow rate of action. So, for the cases requiring urgent results nitric acid can be used.
Leukoplakia is a potentially malignant disorder of the oral mucosa. It usually presents as a white patch in the oral cavity. The term leukoplakia represents a clinical entity and should preferably be used only for provisional diagnosis and not after histopathology. There are various terminologies and definitions associated with leukoplakia since past times. In this article, we have reviewed the literature to provide a comprehensive update on leukoplakia.
Mucocele is a clinical term that basically includes two phenomenon i.e. mucus extravasation and mucus retention. Cysts arising in connection with minor salivary glands are common and about 90 per cent of cases are of the mucous extravasation type. These lesions are typically painless, dome-shaped, and fluctuant; they appear blue in colour secondary to the presence of mucin under the mucosa. The vesicular appearance created by the superficial nature of the mucin spillage, causes a separation of the epithelium from the connective tissue. The pathologist must be aware of this lesion and should not mistake it microscopically for a vesiculo-bullous lesion, especially mucous membrane pemphigoid. Here, we present a case report on mucocele with a brief review.
Review Article IntroductIonCOVID-19 has created a vast impact on general population and health-care sector, since it was declared as pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020. [1] With emergence of second wave, there is increasing number of cases each day leading to scarcity of health-care resources affecting the outcome of the treatment. With all these consequences, COVID-19 has become India's fastest growing epidemic. [2] Among this crisis, there is increased incidence of mucormycosis, which is considered highly fatal. Mucormycosis is an angioinvasive opportunistic fungal infection caused by the ubiquitous filamentous fungi of the Mucorales order of the class of Zygomycetes. It was first described by Paultauf in 1889. [3] Mucormycosis, also referred to as Zygomycosis, is third most common invasive mycosis after candidiasis and aspergillosis in patients with compromised immunity, underlying debilitating systemic diseases, and hematological abnormalities. [4] The common Mucorales species involved are Rhizopus, Lichtheimia, and Mucor. Other species such as Rhizomucor, Saksenaea, Cunninghamella, and Apophysomyces are rare. Mucorales are ubiquitous, present mainly in bread molds, decaying foods, soil, and in putrefying organisms. The major route of infection is through inhalations of the airborne fungal spores, which can then spread to the paranasal sinuses (PNS), lungs, and extensive tissue involvement. [5] Six well recognized clinical forms of mucormycosis are the pulmonary, cutaneous, gastrointestinal, rhinocerebral, central nervous system, and disseminated. Rhinocerebral form followed by pulmonary is the most common type of this invasive infection. [6] Mucormycosis, commonly regarded as black fungus, is one of the most tissue destructing and devastating complications in uncontrolled diabetics with high fatality rates ranging between 60 and 80%. It is well established that there is direct association between diabetes and the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection and thus diabetics are at higher risk of contracting the secondary opportunistic mucormycosis during COVID-19 infection. [7] However, it is offlate affecting individuals below 40 years without any comorbidities. Stress along with usage of corticosteroids could probably being the cause. Infection with mucormycosis is considered highly fatal due to its fulminating spread, disseminated infection, cavernous sinus thrombosis, carotid artery involvement, osteomyelitis, and death. [8] Emergence of "Black fungus" in this Covid-19 pandemic has created an situation of medical emergency. Black fungus, scientifically known as mucormycosis, is an rare opportunistic invasive fungal infection caused by Mucorales affecting uncontrolled diabetics, immunocompromised patients, patients with stem cell transplant, prolonged intensive care unit stay and in those with hematological abnormalities. Offlate, there has been upsurge of this potentially fatal infection in COVID patients and in post-COVID scenario due to the mutant strain and treatment protocol followed in COVID patients. Elev...
Tongue is a vital organ present in the oral cavity.Besides the important functions of speech and deglutition,it may act as an index for underlying systemic diseases.Although it is easy to examine the various developmental anomalies of the tongue clinically still some anomalies may present a diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma.
Millets are a rich source of nutrients and these are hardy crops as well. The cultivation of millet has declined in the country since the government focused on fine cereals and suitable policies were not there for millets. The study focused on the area, production and productivity of jowar, bajra, ragi and small millets. The largest producing states of small millets, jowar, bajra and ragi are Uttarakhand, Maharashtra Rajasthan and Karnataka, respectively. From 1950-2021 the area under small millets, jowar, bajra and ragi has declined with CAGR of -3.60 %, -1.86 %, -1.27 % and -0.60%, respectively. The production of the small millets and jowar has declined with growth rates of -2.89% and -0.63 %, respectively. Production of bajra showed a growth rate 0.12 % per annum from 1950-51 to 2020-21 and ragi production increased with growth rate of 1.68%. Decomposition analysis indicated that production of ragi and bajra increased due to the yield effect and that of jowar and small millets increased due to areas effect. The consumption of these millets in the rural as well urban area has declined over the years. Thus, there is need of promoting awareness among the farmers and consumers about the importance of millets in a healthy diet which could increase their demand and consumption. This can be done through various means such as training programs, workshops, and awareness campaigns. The government could provide incentives and subsidies to farmers to encourage the cultivation of small millets.
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