Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cells and has the ability to divide (through mitosis) to produce extra stem cells [1]. It is the ancestor at the top of the family tree of related cell types. Stem cells research is based on the knowledge about how a single cell leads to development of an organism and how damaged cells get replaced by healthy cells in adult organisms [2]. Based on the stage at which they are isolated stem cells can be categorized as embryogenic stem cells (ESCs) or adult stem cells. Embryogenic stem cells are totipotent being derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst during gastrulation. Even after having the greatest biological potential, ethical issue on the use of ESCs has precluded their widespread study, especially in humans [3]. These are obtained from in vitro fertilization, or aborted embryos 3 or 4 day old embryo [4]. Adult stem cells are derived from postnatal fully developed tissue and are believed to renew cell populations, Recent and exciting new discoveries place dentists at the forefront of helping their patients benefit from potentially life-saving therapies derived from stem cells. The tooth is store house for these precious stem cells, and there is an abundance of these cells in baby teeth, wisdom teeth, and permanent teeth. Obtaining stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) is simple and convenient, with little or no trauma. SHEDs exhibit higher proliferative rate than bone marrow-derived MSCs and greater osteogenic differentiation potency than human dental pulp stem cells.
Decalcification of hard tissues has remained an important part in visualizing the histology of the section.For the process of decalcification various decalcifying agents have been used in the past but very limited studies can be found in the literature about the comparison of various decalcifying agents. Aim: Here we present a study comparing three different decalcifying agents (10% Nitric acid, EDTA, 10 % Formic acid). Methodology: 30 freshly extracted premolars were decalcified using three different decalcifying agents.The end point of decalcification was tested by chemical methods. The decalcified sections were routinely processed and staining was done using Hematoxylin and Eosin. Result: Sections decalcified with EDTA gave better results as compared to the other two groups. Conclusion: EDTA is a better option for decalcification of tooth but it has a slow rate of action. So, for the cases requiring urgent results nitric acid can be used.
Although relatively rare, tumors of the jaw often may rise to extensive sizes and even metastasize presenting a challenge in diagnosis and treatment. Profiling of such lesion is essential as it helps in understanding the nature of tumors in a particular geologic location. Aim: The study was framed to determine the incidence of tumors on the basis of institutional data in Himachal Pradesh and to compare it with previous studies. Methodology: Data was retrieved from archives of DEPARTMENT OF ORAL PATHOLOGY, HIDS within a time span of 3 years (January 2015 and December 2017). The cases were characterized on the basis of World Health Organization classification, 2005 and grouped in different categories. Cases with histopathological diagnosis of tumors were reassessed and re analysed on the basis of clinical history, radiographic records present in the department. Results: In the odontogenic group majority of cases were of ameloblastoma (33%) followed by Odontoma and AOT (Adenomatoid Odontogenic tumor) with 22.2% frequency, in the non-odontogenic group it was mainly a benign fibrous lesion fibroma with maximum frequency (33.3%) followed by other lesions i.e., SCC (Squamous cell carcinoma) 30% and CGCG (Central Giant Cell carcinoma) 7%. Conclusion: In our study, we found ameloblastoma (odontogenic) and fibroma (non-odontogenic) were most frequent tumors among their respective groups.
Leukoplakia is a potentially malignant disorder of the oral mucosa. It usually presents as a white patch in the oral cavity. The term leukoplakia represents a clinical entity and should preferably be used only for provisional diagnosis and not after histopathology. There are various terminologies and definitions associated with leukoplakia since past times. In this article, we have reviewed the literature to provide a comprehensive update on leukoplakia.
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