DISCLAIMER: Staff Discussion Notes (SDNs) showcase policy-related analysis and research being developed by IMF staff members and are published to elicit comments and to encourage debate. The views expressed in Staff Discussion Notes are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or IMF management.

El objetivo de este artículo es abordar los fundamentos de la teoría del sexismo ambivalente, tanto de las escalas desarrolladas para mujeres (ASI, Escala de Sexismo Ambivalente, Glick y Fiske, 1996) como para hombres (AMI, Escala de Actitudes Ambivalentes hacia hombres, Glick y Fiske, 1999) y su relación con otras escalas de sexismo moderno; así como las repercusiones de la manifestación de este nuevo sexismo en las investigaciones nacionales e internacionales. Los resultados confirman que la escala ASI es la única que mide un sexismo relacional frente a las escalas de Neosexismo (Tougas et al., 1995) y de MOS (Swim et al., 1995) que miden un sexismo socio-laboral. También se evidencia la repercusión que la escala ASI ha tenido en la comunidad científica en detrimento de la escala AMI.

To stabilize and bring down nonperforming loans (NPLs) in the Italian banking system, the Italian authorities have been implementing a number of reforms, aimed among others at speeding up insolvency and enforcement proceedings, strengthening bank corporate governance, cleaning up balance sheets, and facilitating bank consolidation. This paper examines the Italian banking system's NPL problem, which ties up capital, weighing on bank profitability and authorities' economic reforms. It argues for a comprehensive approach, encompassing economic, supervisory, and legal measures. The authorities' reforms are important steps toward this end. The paper describes measures that could further support their actions.

SummaryAt the beginning of their academic studies (testing phase), the quality of life and certain health‐related behaviors were evaluated. Four years later (retest phase), they were reevaluated. Between the two evaluation periods, a health promotion (HP) program was applied. The battery of instruments included measures: health‐related quality of life (HRQOL), alcoholic and nicotine dependence, eating habits, physical activity, and sexual behaviors. It also included a number of sociodemographic data. The results show that, in general, the students reported adequate levels of HRQOL, and there were no important differences between the two evaluation moments. Regarding dietary behavior, no significant changes were detected in the pattern of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, which remained at an average level of adequacy. On the contrary, significant decreases were detected in relation to alcohol and tobacco dependence as well as significant increases in physical activity levels. Lastly, with regard to sexual behavior, although certain aspects of improvement were perceived, there is a need to increase awareness of the systematic use of condoms. In conclusion, this study provides relevant information that will serve as a starting point for monitoring changes in health behaviors and for the design and implementation of HP actions directed at university students.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of bullying in its various forms from the perspective of all of the individuals involved (victims, bullies, and witnesses) and to explore its distribution as a function of gender. The study had a correlational design and used a representative sample of 1500 Spanish students attending compulsory secondary education in the academic year 2007-2008. It applied an instrument measuring different types of bullying, taken from the studies conducted by Díaz-Aguado, Martínez, and Martín (2004) and the Defensor del Pueblo (Spanish Ombudsman's Office)-UNICEF (2007). The findings reveal that all the types of bullying considered take place at school and that there is an inverse relationship between the severity and the prevalence of bullying behaviors, with verbal abuse proving to be the most common type of abusive behavior. Boys are involved in all kinds of bullying incidents as bullies significantly more often than girls are, except in cases involving 'talking about someone behind their back'; in these situations, girls are involved significantly more often as bullies than boys are. As for victimization, boys are victims of direct physical abuse significantly more often than girls are, while girls are more often the subject of malicious gossip.

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