A liquid membrane process is being developed for application to a number of industrial waste treatment problems. The results of laboratory and pilot plant studies show that liquid membranes are capable of reducing the levels of NHJ, Cr6+, Cu2+, Hg2+, and Cd2+ from several hundred ppm to less than 1 ppm under batch or continuous flow conditions.

The general features of sediment formation in middle distillate fuels were investigated. The effect of nitrogen compounds on sediment formation was determined by using pure nitrogen compounds in model petroleum-derived fuel systems. The rate of sediment formation was dependent on the presence of nitrogen compounds, the nature of the diluent employed, and the storage conditions. Detailed studies of the effects of reaction conditions were carried out witii 2,5-dimethylpyrrole (DMP) as the model. Air, increased temperature, dissolved oxygen, and light all strongly accelerated the sediment forming reaction while moisture had a variable effect. The initial reaction rate was approximately first order in nitrogen concentration. The reaction has a low apparent activation energy and appears to involve a free-radical oxidative self-condensation of the nitrogen compound.

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The storage stability of various middle distillate fuels derived from oil shale was investigated by means of an accelerated storage stability test. A variety of liquids were studied including crude shale oils boiling in the middle distillate range, partially upgraded shale oils, and severely refined fuels. Large amounts of sediment were obtained from liquids with high heteroatom content. However, no direct correlation between nitrogen, sulfur, no oxygen levels and sediment level was observed. The results of these studies are consistent with those from previous work with model fuel systems. The sediments produced by different liquids differed in heteroatom content and other characteristics. The nitrogen level of the original liquid was only one factor determining the amounts and types of sediments produced. Thus, studies with model compounds and with actual shale-derived liquids indicate that the total nitrogen content of a fuel per se is not a general predictor of fuel storage stability.

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The effect on deposit formation rate of the presence of trace amounts of nitrogen and oxygen containing impurities in deoxygenated JP-5 was investigated. The change in deposit formation rate, following the addition of representative nitrogen and oxygen compounds, was determined over a temperature range of 150-450 °C in fuels with molecular oxygen contents reduced to less than 1 ppm. The addition of nitrogen compounds as pure materials did not increase deposit formation over the temperature range studied. However, certain nitrogen compounds led to sludge formation at temperatures in the range of 20-25 °C. Of the oxygen compounds studied, peroxides as a class were found to be highly deleterious to fuel stability. Some acids, esters, and ketones were moderately deleterious while others had no significant effect on deposit formation. In general, cycloalkyl compounds were less harmful than their aliphatic or aromatic counterparts. Several interactions between trace impurities were discovered which affect deposit formation rates.

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