Storage stability of synfuels from oil shale. 1. General features of sediment formation in model fuel systems

Frankenfeld, John W.; Taylor, William F.; Brinkman, Dennis W.

doi:10.1021/i300012a018

Cited by 59 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Linear plots, analogous to those in Figure 1, were obtained with most of the crude and moderate refined middle distillates. They are quite similar to those obtained with model nitrogen compounds of the pyrrole and indole type (Frankenfeld et al, 1983a;Frankenfeld and Taylor, 1982). These plots remain linear with time for extended storage periods (in excess of 100 days at 43.3 "C; Taylor, 1981, 1982).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…This fuel had undergone mild upgrading by distillation and hydrotreating. In the cases of crude and partially refined shale middle distillates, sediment formation appears to be caused mainly by autoxidative self-condensation of the heterocyclic nitrogen compounds present (Frankenfeld et al, 1983a). This is inferred from the elemental analyses of the sediments obtained (fuels A, B, and D in Table VII) which show high nitrogen and oxygen but low sulfur values and from the fact that heterocyclic nitrogen compounds are reduced in quantity during storage (Table VI).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The results are presented as mg of sediment/100 cm3 of test fuel. Only total sediment levels (sum of "insoluble plus adherent"; Frankenfeld et al, 1983a) are given. Existent gum was measured by use of ASTM test D381.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Storage stability of synfuels from oil shale. 3. Studies with actual shale-derived middle distillates

Frankenfeld¹,

Taylor²,

Brinkman³

1983

Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev.

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The storage stability of various middle distillate fuels derived from oil shale was investigated by means of an accelerated storage stability test. A variety of liquids were studied including crude shale oils boiling in the middle distillate range, partially upgraded shale oils, and severely refined fuels. Large amounts of sediment were obtained from liquids with high heteroatom content. However, no direct correlation between nitrogen, sulfur, no oxygen levels and sediment level was observed. The results of these studies are consistent with those from previous work with model fuel systems. The sediments produced by different liquids differed in heteroatom content and other characteristics. The nitrogen level of the original liquid was only one factor determining the amounts and types of sediments produced. Thus, studies with model compounds and with actual shale-derived liquids indicate that the total nitrogen content of a fuel per se is not a general predictor of fuel storage stability.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Storage stability of synfuels from oil shale. 3. Studies with actual shale-derived middle distillates

Frankenfeld¹,

Taylor²,

Brinkman³

1983

Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev.

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“…Charge-transfer complexes can be distinguished from organic free radicals by the different effects of temperature on their ESR spectra (Alger 1968), and such measurements are planned for future research in this project. In any case, the presence of organic free radicals in a liquid raises the possibility of radical-mediated chain polymerizations which may cause the formation of undesirable gums and other sediments in these liquids (Frankenfeld et al 1983). …”

Section: Changes In Chemical Composition Due To Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Photodegradation of mutagens in solvent-refined coal liquids

Kalkwarf¹,

Stewart²,

Pelroy³

et al. 1984

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SUMMARYThe purpose of this investigation was to evaluate any changes in the chemical composition and microbial mutagenicities of two representative solventrefined coal (SRC) liquids as a function of exposure time to sunlight and air. This information was desired to assess potential health hazards arising from ground spills of these liquids during production, transport and use. Results of microbial mutagenicity assays using Salmonella typhimurium TA98, conducted after exposure, showed that the mutagenicities of both an SRC-II fuel oil blend and an SRC-1 process solvent decreased continuously with exposure time to air and that the decrease was accelerated by simultaneous exposure to simulated sunlight. The liquids were exposed as thin layers supported on surfaces of glass, paper, clay or aluminum; but the type of support had little effect on the results. The contrast between these results and the reported increases of mutagenesis in organisms exposed simultaneously to coal liquids and nearultraviolet light suggested that short-lived mutagenic intermediates, e.g., organic free radicals, were formed in the liquids during exposure to light.The highest activities of microbial mutagenicity in the SRC liquids were found in fractions rich in amino polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (amino PAH). After a 36-hour exposure of the fuel oil blend to air in the dark, the mutagenicity of its amine-rich fraction was reduced by 65%; whereas a 36-hour exposure in the light reduced the mutagenicity of this fraction by 92%. Similar rates of reduction in mutagenicity were achieved in exposures of the process solvent. The mutagenicities of other chemical fractions remained low during exposure. Analyses showed that most of the amine components of both liquids contained less than four aromatic rings and that their concentrations generally decreased with exposure time. These results indicate that the microbial mutagenicities of the two SRC liquids may be expected to gradually decrease if they are spilled out of doors, with the rate of decrease dependent on their access to air and sunlight. However, one cannot be sure that all of the potential health hazards of these materials are reduced by such exposures si nee the _i. typhimurium TA98 test system has been reported to be relatively insensitive to potential mutagens in fractions of SRC liquids rich in neutral aromatic compounds.Electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements on the liquids showed free radical concentrations on the order of 5xlo 16 unpaired spins per gram before exposure. In darkness, this concentration decreased continuously during exposure to air, paralleling the decrease in mutagenicities of the samples. In simulated sunlight, the concentration of paramagnetic species rapidly increased within the first few minutes of illumination and then decreased with continued exposure. This behavior suggested that organic free radicals were the major paramagnetic species, although charge-transfer complexes may have also been present. The ESR spectra were not sufficiently resolved to identi...

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“…Fuel storage stability may be assessed by a range of techniques including induction times, peroxide formation and sediment formation [5][6][7][8][9]. Those chosen for this study were oxidation induction time and peroxide formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The oxidative stability of synthetic fuels and fuel blends with monoaromatic blending components

Rawson

Stansfield

Webster

et al. 2015

Fuel

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Storage stability of synfuels from oil shale. 1. General features of sediment formation in model fuel systems

Cited by 59 publications

References 4 publications

Storage stability of synfuels from oil shale. 3. Studies with actual shale-derived middle distillates

Storage stability of synfuels from oil shale. 3. Studies with actual shale-derived middle distillates

Photodegradation of mutagens in solvent-refined coal liquids

The oxidative stability of synthetic fuels and fuel blends with monoaromatic blending components

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