Storage stability of synfuels from oil shale. 2. Effects of nitrogen compound type and the influence of other nonhydrocarbons on sediment formation in model fuel systems

Frankenfeld, John W.; Taylor, William F.; Brinkman, Dennis W.

doi:10.1021/i300012a019

Cited by 54 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…It appears that the most harmful compounds fall into the weak to nonbasic classification. 3,8 Similar studies by Thompson et al 5,9 indicated that pyrroles caused the largest amounts of insoluble deposits, while pyridines were less reactive. More recent research by Hiley et al and Malhotra et al showed that alkylindoles are involved in fuel gum formation more than alkylpyrroles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Organic Nitrogen Compounds and Fuel Instability in Middle Distillate Fuels

Bauserman

Mushrush

Hardy

2008

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Previous research studies have implicated polar organic nitrogen compounds in fuel instability. Twenty-one middle distillate fuels were investigated for their organic nitrogen content and to determine if any specific organic nitrogen compound might be linked to fuel instability. The organic nitrogen compounds were isolated by mild acid extraction followed by silica gel adsorption. Three extracts were obtained from each fuel sample: a basic nitrogen extract in methylene chloride (BNC), a nonbasic nitrogen extract in methylene chloride (NBNC), and a nonbasic nitrogen extract in methanol (NBNC). The major constituents of each extract were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). After the compounds were identified for each fuel, the fuels were grouped by ASTM stability values to determine if there was significantly more or less of one type of organic nitrogen compound present that could cause instability. The results of this study showed that there was not a specific organic nitrogen compound responsible for instability, but probably an imbalance in either the basic or nonbasic organic nitrogen compounds that caused a shift in equilibrium resulting in sediment or gum formation. This is important to the military because military fuels can remain in storage tanks for 1 or more years. As fuels are drawn from these tanks, the tanks are subsequently topped off with more recently purchased fuels. In many cases, the mixed fuels are not compatible, resulting in sediment and sludge formation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Organic Nitrogen Compounds and Fuel Instability in Middle Distillate Fuels

Bauserman

Mushrush

Hardy

2008

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…These compounds were the most abundant nitrogen compounds in the Jacksonville and Pakistan BNC (CH 2 Cl 2 ) extracts. Short-chained pyrroles, mainly 2,5-dimethyl pyrrole, have been linked to fuel instability (Frankenfeld et al, 1983;Mushrush and Speight, 1995). Only the Pakistan BNC (CH 2 Cl 2 ) contained a significant pyridine concentration.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen Compound Distribution in Refined Middle Distillate Fuels

Pasquale

Bauserman

Mushrush

2009

Petroleum Science and Technology

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Three diverse middle distillate fuels from Mobile, Alabama, Jacksonville, Florida, and Kirachi, Pakistan were analyzed to quantify the organic nitrogen compound distribution in each. Organo-nitrogen compounds were isolated by a mild acid extraction followed by a silica-gel adsorption procedure. The extraction process yielded three extracts for each fuel: a basic nitrogen extract in methylene chloride, a nonbasic nitrogen extract in methylene chloride, and a nonbasic nitrogen extract in methanol. The major compounds in each extract were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).

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“…Previous work has shown the importance and role of oxygen-containing heteroatoms, such as phenols and hydroperoxides, in fuel autoxidative thermal stability . Phenols have been shown to inhibit oxidation but increase surface and bulk deposit formation. , Hydroperoxides are primary autoxidation products at relatively low temperatures (<120 °C) and rate-controlling reaction intermediates at higher temperatures (≥140 °C). , Some sulfur-containing species (e.g., mercaptans, sulfides, disulfides, thiophenes, and benzothiophenes) have been shown to be detrimental to fuel thermal stability. − Nitrogen species (e.g., indoles, anilines, quinolines, amines, pyridines, carbazoles, and indolines) have been studied less frequently with conflicting results; some nitrogen species greatly increase deposition while others are relatively innocuous. − Most previous model fuel studies considered heteroatomic species in isolation rather than as mixtures of heteroatomic species classes, as occurs in actual fuels. A relatively small number of studies have explored the interaction between heteroatomic species during fuel autoxidation. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of the Role of Heteroatomic Species in Jet Fuel Thermal Stability: Model Fuel Mixtures and Real Fuels

et al. 2019

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Oxygen consumption and deposition measurements of model fuel mixtures and real fuels are used to explore the roles that heteroatomic fuel species and their interactions play during fuel autoxidation. A range of temperatures, oxygen consumption regimes, and flow environments are employed to provide results applicable over a wide range of fuel autoxidative conditions. The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) provides a low temperature (140 °C) batch reactor environment for long reaction times (minutes to hours) with oxygen consumption and sensitive, in situ deposition measurements. The JFTOT system provides a flowing environment at higher temperatures (260 to 300 °C) and short residence times (seconds) which is modified with both an outlet oxygen sensor and with quantitative deposition measurements via ellipsometry. These techniques are used to study model systems (Exxsol D80 with added heteroatom species) and real jet fuels to determine the role of heteroatomic species in jet fuel autoxidation and deposition. The QCM results demonstrate that nitrogen and sulfur species (e.g., indoles/anilines and sulfides) interact during jet fuel autoxidation to encourage deposit formation. The further addition of phenol species, which occur naturally in most petroleum-derived jet fuels, facilitates even greater deposit production. This behavior is confirmed in the JFTOT via addition of nitrogen and sulfur-containing species to medium and low sulfur jet fuels. These results, along with gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of samples collected during autoxidation in the QCM, show rapid sulfur autoxidation followed by a slower reaction of the nitrogen species to form deposit precursors, implying a stepwise reaction of sulfur oxidation products with nitrogen species to form deposit precursors. These results have important implications for fuel production strategies and mitigation of thermal stability degradation during fuel pipeline transport, storage, and use.

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Storage stability of synfuels from oil shale. 2. Effects of nitrogen compound type and the influence of other nonhydrocarbons on sediment formation in model fuel systems

Cited by 54 publications

References 5 publications

Organic Nitrogen Compounds and Fuel Instability in Middle Distillate Fuels

Organic Nitrogen Compounds and Fuel Instability in Middle Distillate Fuels

Nitrogen Compound Distribution in Refined Middle Distillate Fuels

Studies of the Role of Heteroatomic Species in Jet Fuel Thermal Stability: Model Fuel Mixtures and Real Fuels

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