This study aimed to determine and compare corneal sensitivity values in different regions
Safe and effective sedation protocols are important for chemical restraint of birds in clinical and diagnostic procedures, such as clinical evaluations, radiographic positioning, and blood collection. These protocols may reduce stress and ease the management of wild-caught birds, which are susceptible to injury or death when exposed to stressful situations. We compare the sedative effect of intranasal midazolam in wild-caught blue-fronted (Amazona aestiva) and orange-winged (Amazona amazonica) Amazon parrots. Ten adult parrots of each species (n = 20), of unknown sex, weighing 0.337 ± 0.04 (blue-fronted) and 0.390 ± 0.03 kg (orange-winged), kg were used. Midazolam (2 mg/kg) was administered intranasally and the total volume of the drug was divided equally between the 2 nostrils. Onset time and total sedation time were assessed. Satisfactory sedation for clinical evaluation was induced in all birds. Onset time and total sedation times were similar in both species: 5.36 ± 1.16 and 25.40 ± 5.72 minutes, respectively, for blue-fronted Amazons and 5.09 ± 0.89 and 27.10 ± 3.73 minutes, respectively, for orange-winged Amazons. A total of 15 animals showed absence of vocalization, with moderate muscle relaxation and wing movement upon handling, and 2 animals presented with lateral recumbence, with intense muscle relaxation and no wing movement, requiring no restraint. Three blue-fronted Amazons had no effective sedation. Intranasally administered midazolam at a dose of 2 mg/kg effectively promoted sedative effects with a short latency time and fast recovery in wild-caught parrots.
Background: Nociceptive stimulation in orthopedic surgery requires effective pain management to ensure trans and postoperative patient comfort. Several techniques can be used for this, and multimodal analgesia protocols such as guided locoregional blocks provide a balanced effect, as they enable the use of low-dose anesthetics and offer rapid recovery. The benefits of specific nerve blocks in domestic animals are well known; however, there are few reports that have ascertained their safety in wild species. This report is aimed at describing the successful use of neurolocalizer-guided sciatic and femoral nerve blocks during tibial osteosyntheses in a chinchilla. Case: A 9-month-old chinchilla weighing 0.56 kg was referred for surgery for proximal and mid-diaphyseal tibia fractures resulting from trauma. Following preanesthetic evaluation, the animal received intramuscular dexmedetomidine (15 µg kg -1) as preanesthetic medication. Sedation was apparent after 15 min and was verified by a decreased activity, the animal allowing manipulation, absence of the eyelid and righting reflexes, and limb movement after clamping removal of limb after clamping. After achieving sedation, anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane (FiO2 = 1.0), supplied through a nasoral mask. Sciatic and femoral nerve blocks were performed with the aid of a neurostimulator. A needle was inserted into the femoral triangle, cranial to the femoral artery, and into the depression between the sciatic tuberosity and the greater femoral trochanter. The neurostimulator was set at a pulse frequency of 1 Hz, pulse duration of 0.1 ms and initial current of 0.6 mA. The needle was advanced toward the nerves until muscle contractions were observed, and the current was gradually reduced until contractions were manifested at a minimum current of 0.2 mA. Ropivacaine 0.2% (1 mg kg -1) was injected at each point. Intraoperative physiological parameters remained stable and within the reference limits while the animal was under light anesthesia. Signs of recovery appeared soon after the inhaled anesthesia was stopped; awakening was gradual and without any signs of excitement or other adverse effects, eliminating the need for additional analgesic medication. Subcutaneous fluid therapy, antibiotics, and anti-inflammatory medications were administered immediately postoperatively. Discussion: This report is groundbreaking in describing neurostimulation-guided sciatic and femoral nerve blocks as an alternative to epidural anesthesia for hind limb surgery; furthermore, it demonstrates the efficacy and safety of ropivacaine in Chinchilla lanigera, which is relevant to the clinical use of the drug as part of a rodent anesthetic protocol. Sevoflurane associated dexmedetomidine use and locoregional anesthesia resulted in cardiorespiratory stability and the absence of behavioral signs of pain in the immediate postoperative period. The technique was easy to apply, and the use of the neurolocalizer increased blockade safety by allowing anesthesia administration as clo...
Cranial cruciate ligament is the main responsible for knee stability by preventing cranial tibial displacement regarding the femur. Deficiency in this ligament (CCLD) may cause subluxation of the tibia and dysfunction of the pelvic member due to overloading. Tibial osteotomies are among the more current surgical techniques for treating CCLD in dogs and they proportionate the dynamic stability by means of modifying bone geometry and the distribution of forces acting on the articulation. The objective of this work is to describe the use of the allogeneic cortical bone graft conserved in glycerin as a spacer on the tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) for treating the CCLD. In order to do that, 34 dogs submitted to TTA surgery correction were evaluated, being 23 males (67.35%) and 11 females (32.35%). Surgical procedures happened from May 2011 to October 2015. Regarding the surgical procedure after osteotomy of the tibial tuberosity, a disk of allogeneic cortical disk, sawn wedge-hapsed, conserved in glycerin, proportions of 2x1mm was applied as spacer, enabling TTA. Advancements from 3 to 12 mm were executed, depending on the need of the patient. For animals with patella dislocation, trochleoplasty and TTA were executed in order to correct the deviation. The mean ± SD age of animals was 6.67±3.58 and weight was 15.16±12.97 kg. Mongrel dogs, Poodles and Yorkshire terriers were the most affected ones. From the 36 evaluated knees, 11 (30.56%) were associated with some traumatic process and in 25 (69.44%) there was no relation with previous trauma. From those wounds, 20 (55.56%) happened in the right limb and 16 (44.44%) in the left limb and two animals had CCLD bilaterally. Animals had continuous support, discreet drawer movement and negative tibial compression 15 days after surgery. At 30 days, 26 cases (72.22%) had firm support (FS); at 45 days, 24 cases (66 test at 7 and 67%) had FS and eight cases (22.22%) without claudication (WC). During subsequent radiographic evaluations the progressive incorporation of the graft and osteotomy union were observed. In this study, most of the diagnosed CCLD occurred in males diverging from results obtained by other authors that found greater frequency in females. Support without claudication it was observed in most of the cases of implants at 60 days. We concluded that the conserved allogeneic cortical bone graft was able to promote bone union in TTA of dogs with CCLD. None of the animals had signs of contamination, infection of the surgical wound or rejection related with the presence of the graft, demonstrated by the complete graft-bone incorporation observed early at 45 days in some animals. The glycerin was a good conservation medium for those fragments intended for grafting because, besides being of low cost, it kept bone fragments free of contamination, reducing antigenicity and preserving the functions of osteoinduction and osteoconduction. The possibility of molding the graft to the animal need is a characteristic favorable to executing the modified technique that could be molded according to the size of the animal, allowing perfect adaptation to the osteotomized local in different breeds. Intercurrences commonly observed in TTA with patellar dislocation, meniscal lesions, tibial crest fracture and displacement were not found in the animals of this study, probably due to the better distribution of forces between the pass screw in TT and the TTA plate confirming that it has good adaptation to the technique conferring to the modified TTA advantages regarding the conventional TTA.
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