Shellfish are Extremely Selfish": What an Automatic Translator Cannot Do. On the Translator's Competence and the Translation Principles in the Context of Literary Translation in the Face of the Ongoing Automation of Translation In view of the emergence of increasingly sophisticated tools for automatic translation, a legitimate question arises: what is the difference between human translation and machine translation, which competence surplus is brought by the human factor, what conditions must be met for human translation to be more perfect than machine translation? The author tries to answer the question discussing different types of competences with particular emphasis on literary competence related to the poetic function of the language. Referring to selected principles of the Translation Studies, postulated in Kubaszczyk (2019), the author argues why human being is still irreplaceable in literary rendering and shows, in reference to Jakobson (1960), how in literary rendering the translator shifts from the selection axis to the combination axis searching for the optimal solution. In the second part of the article, the theoretical argument is supported by empirical evidence.
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Übersetzungsàquivalente substantivierter Adjektivwôrter vom Typ das Neue, das Schône (neutrale Abstrakta) im Polnischen A b s t r a c t . The article discusses the translation problem of adjectives converted into nouns such as das Neue, das Moderne. There are presented results of research based on the corpus of more than 400 entities and their translations from German into Polish. The analysis used tools of Cognitive Linguistics to catch most important semantic différences between équivalents. Five types of équivalents are the most frequently chosen but only 20 per cent solutions in Polish are adjectives converted into nouns.Therefore the supposition is that these formations can be the source of difficultés for translators.
In the article a new attempt has been made to define what is the unit of translation and how to distinguish it. In her considerations the author bases on the achievements of cognitive linguistics, claiming that the translator doesn’t translate words, phrases or texts but the content units which realises in the concepts of language. Thus, it becomes possible to distinguish the concepts as translation units a priori before actual taking up the translation. The training in distinguishing the concepts of language and analysing them becomes therefore an important element of translation.
Are Translation Studies a Field of Study Based on a Solid Foundation? Hypothesising about the Principles of Translation Studies
In every field of study, there are some fundamental assumptions, laws or certainties. What is the situation in translation studies? Do the existing translational theories, which subsume very different theoretical and methodological approaches, offer a common denominator for not always convergent, and sometimes even openly contradictory, theoretical proposals of particular researchers? On the other hand, perhaps there are some translational assumptions and laws which all theoreticians, or at least the majority of them, would admit to be acceptable? The article attempts to create a catalogue of principles which seem to be fundamental for translation studies.
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