The Gwandara people of Sabo Wuse in Niger State, Nigeria are the original inhabitants of Wuse in Abuja Municipal Area Council. They were resettled at this present location of Sabo Wuse from Wuse in the Federal Capital Territory Abuja when the seat of government moved from Lagos to Abuja 30 years ago. Sabo Wuse still remains relatively a remote settlement and their lifestyle unchanged. They still depend to a large extent on their traditional knowledge of medicinal plants to treat ailments. Ethnobotanical survey was conducted to identify and document methods traditionally utilized for treatment of mental illness and to expand the quality and quantity of information for research and development especially in the area of new drug discovery and development. About sixty seven (67) Traditional Medicine Practitioners were interviewed orally with use of questionnaire. From our survey, various methods were found to be used by the traditional medicine practitioners to treat mental illness and associated disorders. These include music, incantations and medicinal plants in various formulations-decoction, powder, infusion-which are administered in various ways like fumigation, inhalation, bathing, steaming and drinking. Eighteen plant species belonging to twelve different families were documented to be included in these therapies. In conclusion, there is an array of plants used locally to treat mental illness and it is recommended that such surveys should be funded and leads for drugs to treat mental illness obtained from such, at the same time documenting our indigenous knowledge.
This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author GCA designed and managed the literature searches. Authors GCA and JLA carried out the antidiarrhoeal study.Author AUO wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author BCE wrote the protocol and performed the statistical analysis. Author JAI carried out the Phytochemical analysis.All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Datura metel leaves and seeds are widely used in ethno-therapeutic management of Rheumatic pain, asthma and insomnia. Its use has been associated with adverse alteration in behavior which has triggered interest in its safety on the central nervous system. This study was therefore designed to evaluate acute neuro-toxicological effects of aqueous -methanol extracts of Datura metel in mice. Oral Acute toxicity studies of the leaf extract was carried out in mice. The effects of the extract (25-100 mg/kg body weight orally) on total locomotive activity, motor coordination and spatial memory in Y-maze were evaluated in mice. The effect of Datura metel extract (25-100 mg/kg) in the presence of either atropine (0.3 mg/kg b.w.) or naloxone (0.5 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) on total locomotive activity in an open field apparatus was carried out with the view of predicting its mechanism of action. The oral median lethal dose (LD50) was greater than 2000 mg/kg b.w. The extract produced significant decrease (p<0.05) in total locomotive activity of the treated mice in the open field apparatus. The extract significantly (p<0.05) shortened the time spent on the rota-rod by mice treated with the extract and reduced spontaneous alternation behavior. Datural metel leaves extract produced in mice neuro-toxicological effects characterized by sedation and hypokinesia, motor coordination impairment and disruption of short term memory. Özet Boru çiçeği yaprak ve tohumları romatizma ağrısı, astım ve uykusuzluğun etno-terapötik uygulamasında yaygın biçimde kullanılmaktadır. Kullanımı, davranışlardaki olumsuz değişimlerle alakalı olması ve merkezi sinir sistemi üzerindeki güvenirliliği bu çalışmayı tetikledi. Bu çalışma Boru Çiçeğinin sulu metanol ekstresinin farelerdeki akut nöro-toksik etkilerini değerlendirmek için tasarlandı. Yaprak ekstresinin oral akut toksisite çalışması fareler üzerinde gerçekleştirildi. Ekstrenin Y-labirentteki toplam lokomotif aktivite, motor koordinasyon ve uzamsal hafıza üzerindeki etkileri (ağız yoluyla 25mg-100 kg vücut ağırlığı) farelerde değerlendirildi. Boru Çiçeği ekstresinin (25-100 mg/kg) açık alan aparatındaki toplam lokomotif aktivite üzerindeki etkisi nalokson (0.5 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) ya da atropine (0.3 mg/kg vücut ağırlığı)' varlığında gerçekleştirilip hareket mekanizmasının tahmini maksadıyla gözlemlendi. Oral medyan letal dozu (LD50) 2000 mg/kg vücut ağırlığından daha fazlaydı. Ekstre, açık alan aparatında muamele edilen farelerin toplam lokomotif aktivitesinde önemli bir azalış (p<0.05) meydana getirdi. Bu ekstre, işleme alınan farelerin rota-rod üzerinde harcadıkları zamanı önemli derecede (p<0.05) kısalttı ve eşzamanlı değişim gösteren davranışları da azalttı. Boru Çiçeği yaprak ekstresi, farelerde sakinlik, uyuşukluk, motor koordinasyon bozukluğu ve kısa süreli hafıza bozulmasıyla nitelenen nöro-toksik etkiler meydana getirmiştir.
Phytochemical, pharmarcognostic and microscopy analysis were carried out on the leaves of Clerodendrum polycephalum Baker in order to determine the secondary metabolites present in the plant and the pharmacognostic parameters and microscopic structures of the leaf of the plant. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of carbohydrate, reducing sugar, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, resins, balsams, alkaloid and phlobatannins and the absence of monosaccharide, combined reducing sugar, pentose sugar, ketoses, cardiac glycosides, sterols, flavonoids aglycone and anthraquinone. The pharmacognostic analysis for moisture content and extractive values showed moisture content of 7.4%, and alcohol and water extractive value of 23.00% and 22.67% respectively. Microscopic studies revealed the presence of anomocytic Stomata on the lower surface and absence of it on the upper surface. The thin layer chromatographic study showed 5 spots for the hexane extract, 4 spots for ethyl acetate extract, while the methanol extract gave 3 spots. The information obtained would be useful for the authentication of the plant leaf samples, and in development of monograph for the plant.
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