Background: There exists a number of studies on the causes and determinants of childhood mortality in the developing world. However, to best of our knowledge, none of the existing studies have examined the effect of wealth and birth interval on childhood mortality in Nigeria. This study is an attempt to fill that gap. Methods: Data for this study comes from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2013, which is a nationally representative cross-sectional survey. This study uses information on 119,386 under-5 children to analyze the effect of wealth and birth interval on childhood mortality. Bi-variate and Cox regression technique were applied for analyzing the cross-sectional data drawn from representative survey. Results: Under-5 mortality was higher in mothers who were poor, illiterate and working either as a professional/ technical worker or as an agricultural worker. Children whose mothers were illiterate and had less than two years of the birth interval had the highest under-5 mortality. Younger mothers (aged less than 20 years) lost more children. Under-5 deaths were more among those mothers who were poor and had less than two years of birth interval. The child mortality was significantly high in poor households with low birth interval. Conclusion: Under-5 mortality is low among those who had higher wealth status and more than two years of birth interval. In order to reduce or eradicating the effect of birth interval and wealth effect, there is burning need to control the economic inequality and birth interval.

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Background: Maternal health was one of the most important millennium development goals (MDGs), India didn’t achieve by the year 2015. Since, India is a multicultural, social and multiregional country, where some of the regions have good social and demographic achievement while some are poor. Haryana is one of them, which has 146 maternal mortality ratio. The level of receiving antenatal care (ANC) in Haryana is quite low as compared to other states of India. Objective of present study was to Understand the extent of use of maternal health care services in Haryana as well as examining the role of antenatal care and other socio-economic factors on the utilization of maternal health services.Methods: Bivariate analysis, chi-square test, and binary logistic regression have been used based on district level household and facility survey-4 data.Results: The utilization of ANC (any and full), institutional delivery and post-delivery treatment seeking varies among women by literacy, age at first marriage, age at women and place of residence. Literate women are two times more likely to access ANC [odds ratio (OR)=1.97 (any ANC), 1.95 (full ANC), p<0.01] and 1.52 times more likely to prefer institutional delivery [OR=1.52, p<0.01].Conclusions: Empowering women through the encouragement of mother’s education should be one of the most fundamental strategies to promote maternal health care services and reduce inequalities.

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Background Many studies have been carried out in modelling COVID-19 pandemic. However, region-wise average duration of recovery from COVID-19 has not been attempted; hence, an effort has been made to estimate state-wise recovery duration of India's COVID-19 patients. Determining the recovery time in each region is intended to assist healthcare professionals in providing better care and planning of logistics. Methods This study used database provided by Kaggle, which takes data from the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. The simple Linear Regression model between incidence, prevalence, and duration was used to assess the duration of COVID-19 disease in various Indian states. Results The fitted model suits ideal for most of the states, except for some union territories and northeastern states. The average time to recover from disease was ranging from 5 to 36 days in Indian states/union territories except for Madhya Pradesh. Tamil Nadu has an average recovery time of 7 days with an value of 0.96, followed by Odisha, Karnataka, West Bengal, Kerala and Chhattisgarh and the average recovery duration was estimated as 7, 13, 17, 11, 14 and 12 days respectively. Conclusion The average recovery from COVID-19 was ten or less days in twenty percentage of states, whereas in forty-four percentage of states/union territories had an average recovery duration between ten to twenty days. However, around twentyfour percentage of states/union territory recovered between twenty to thirty days. In the rest of Indian states/union territories, the average duration of recovery was more than thirty days.

This study aimed to assess the changes in neonatal and infant mortality rates in Nigeria over the period 1990 to 2018 using Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) data, and assess their socio-demographic determinants using data from the most recent survey conducted in 2018. The infant mortality rate was 87 per 1000 live births in 1990, and this increased to 100 per 1000 live births in 2003 – an increase of around 15% over 13 years. Neonatal and infant mortality rates started to decline steadily thereafter and continued to do so until 2013. After 2013, neonatal morality rose slightly by the year 2018. Information for 27,465 infants under 1 year of age from the NDHS-2018 was analysed using bivariate and multivariate analysis and the Cox proportional hazard technique. In 2018, infant deaths decreased as wealth increased, and the incidence of infant deaths was greater among those of Islam religion than among those of other religions. A negative association was found between infant deaths and the size of a child at birth. Infant mortality was higher in rural than in urban areas, and was higher among male than female children. Both neonatal and infant death rates varied by region and were found to be highest in the North West region and lowest in the South region. An increasing trend was observed in neonatal mortality in the 5-year period from 2013 to 2018. Policy interventions should be focused on the poor classes, women with a birth interval of less than 2 years and those living in the North West region of the country.

Background: The prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) is a major public health issue in India; however, the optimal growth pattern for such infants is not clear. The purpose of this study is to understand the causal association between LBW and stunting of preschool children in India. Methods: The National Family Health Survey-4 is a large cross-sectional survey based on a nationally representative sample of 699,686 women in the age group of 15–49 years and was conducted during 2015–2016 in India. The study used the children’s file with a sample of 259,002 of 0–59 months for investigation. Results: The data revealed that 38.7% of the children in India were stunted. The bivariate analysis revealed that, of the women who did not attend any antenatal care (ANC) meetings, 46.8% had stunted children compared to the women who attended more than three ANC meetings, which 30.7% had stunted children. The low birth weight children experienced a much higher chance of stunting compared to children with a normal birth weight (44.3% vs. 33.8%). The multivariable odds ratios of logistic regression, after adjusting for the confounding characteristics, showed that pregnant women attending more than three ANC meetings compared to not attending any ANC meetings experienced a 19% lower adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of having stunted children (AOR = 0.81; CI 0.78, 0.85; p < 0.001). Another important variable, such as women with underweight body mass index (BMI) compared with normal BMI, had 6% higher odds of having stunted children (AOR = 1.06; CI 1.03, 1.10; p < 0.001). Similarly, women who belong to the Scheduled Caste compared to the General Caste had 36% higher odds of having stunted children (AOR = 1.36; CI 1.30, 1.42; p < 0.001); and children aged 13–23 months compared to children up to one-year-old or younger had 141% higher odds of being stunted (AOR = 2.41; CI 2.32, 2.51; p < 0.001). The conspicuous finding is that LBW babies, after adjusting for other important confounding factors, such as BMI and ANC, experienced 19% higher odds of stunted children (AOR = 1.19; CI 1.14, 1.24; p < 0.001) compared to normal birth weight babies. Conclusions: The results revealed LBW is associated with stunting of preschool children in India.