Background: Maternal health was one of the most important millennium development goals (MDGs), India didn’t achieve by the year 2015. Since, India is a multicultural, social and multiregional country, where some of the regions have good social and demographic achievement while some are poor. Haryana is one of them, which has 146 maternal mortality ratio. The level of receiving antenatal care (ANC) in Haryana is quite low as compared to other states of India. Objective of present study was to Understand the extent of use of maternal health care services in Haryana as well as examining the role of antenatal care and other socio-economic factors on the utilization of maternal health services.Methods: Bivariate analysis, chi-square test, and binary logistic regression have been used based on district level household and facility survey-4 data.Results: The utilization of ANC (any and full), institutional delivery and post-delivery treatment seeking varies among women by literacy, age at first marriage, age at women and place of residence. Literate women are two times more likely to access ANC [odds ratio (OR)=1.97 (any ANC), 1.95 (full ANC), p<0.01] and 1.52 times more likely to prefer institutional delivery [OR=1.52, p<0.01].Conclusions: Empowering women through the encouragement of mother’s education should be one of the most fundamental strategies to promote maternal health care services and reduce inequalities.
Objective:
This study explores the spatial patterns of underweight and overweight among adult men and women in districts of India and identifies the micro-geographical locations where the risks of underweight and overweight are simultaneously prevalent, after accounting for demographic and socio-economic factors.
Design:
We relied on body mass index (weight [kg]/height squared [m2]), a measure of nutritional status among adult individuals, from the 2015-16 National Family and Health Survey. Underweight was defined as <18.5 kg/m2 and overweight as ≥25.0 kg/m2.
Setting:
We adopted Bayesian structured additive quantile regression to model the underlying spatial structure in underweight and overweight burden.
Participants:
Men aged 15-54 years (sample size: 108,092) and women aged 15-49 years (sample size: 642,002).
Results:
About 19.7% of men and 22.9% of women were underweight, and 19.6% of men and 20.6% of women were overweight. Results indicate that malnutrition burden in adults exhibit geographical divides across the country. Districts located in the central, western and eastern regions show higher risks of underweight. There is evidence of substantial spatial clustering of districts with higher risk of overweight in southern and northern India. While finding a little evidence on double burden of malnutrition among population groups, we identified a total of 66 double burden districts.
Conclusions:
This study demonstrates that the geographic burden of overweight in Indian adults is yet to surpass that of underweight, but the coexistence of double burden of underweight and overweight in selected regions presents a new challenge for improving nutritional status and necessitates specialized policy initiatives.
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