The agriculture and manufacturing sectors are the backbones of the Indonesian economy; for this reason, research on the effects of these sectors on carbon emissions is an important subject. This work adds urbanization to enrich research on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that the EKC hypothesis was confirmed in Indonesia with a turning point of 2057.89 USD/capita. The research results show that all variables affect the escalation of greenhouse gas emissions in Indonesia. Furthermore, there is a bidirectional causality relationship between emissions with economic growth, emissions with agricultural sector, emissions with manufacturing sector, economic growth with agricultural sector, and economic growth with manufacturing. The unidirectional causality is found in emissions by urbanization and economic growth by urbanization. To reduce the impact of environmental damage caused by the activities of agriculture, manufacturing, and urbanization sectors, it is recommended that the government conduct water-efficient rice cultivation and increase the use of renewable energy.

The implementation of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) will affect the trade flow of goods and services in the ASEAN region. The flow of food from surplus countries to the food-insecure countries will improve national food security. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that affect Indonesia’s maize Import in ASEAN trade. The study analyzed the annual data from 1990 to 2016 and cross-section ASEAN member countries, as well as Indonesia’s trading partners such as Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Singapore. The study applies the Gravity model approach to identify factors that influence maize import in Indonesia. The panel data regression applied to the fixed-effect method. The results show that Indonesian maize imports were influenced by growth in GDP per capita, economic distance, import tariffs, the exchange rate of the Rupiah against the Dollar, the implementation of AEC (ASEAN Economic Community), non-tariff barriers, and the population growth. All the independent variables together affected Indonesian maize imports from Southeast Asia. The empirical results of this study reveal the implications for the development of the production and competitiveness of Indonesian maize. The Indonesian government should strive to increase farm productivity and efficiency to increase maize production.

Black garlic is processed garlic under high temperature (65-90 °C) and humidity (60-80%) during a period (Kimura et al., 2017;Lu et al., 2017). Black garlic has a brown color, less flavor, and high antioxidant properties. Total phenolic of black garlic increases 4-10 fold compared to fresh garlic. Total polyphenol, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity were 58.33 mg GAE/g, 15.37 mg RE/g, and 74.48%, respectively (Choi et al., 2014). Not only as antioxidant agents, black garlic also act as antimicrobials (Altuntas & Korukluoglu, 2019). Black garlic contain phenolic compound, β-carbolines alkaloids (Cao et al., 2007), melanoidins (Wang et al., 2011), organic acids and organic sulfur compound (Yin & Cheng, 2003;Lin et al., 2019). According to Arslaner (2020) organic sulfur compound decrease the yeast-mould compared to the control. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant effect of black garlic powder as a source of natural antioxidants on the physical quality, chemical quality, antioxidant activity, TPC, and sensory quality, of duck nuggets during storage.

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Bulls fertility has an important role to conception, so bulls should have a high libido, high quality semen, and good performance. This study aimed to improve the quality of semen bulls using traditional herbal medicine by utilizing a combination of medicinal plants. The study used 20 bull 50 g dose of herbal formula every 300 kg of body weight bull mixed with 200 ml honey and 5 eggs. Bulls were given traditional herbal formula once a week orally. The dependent variable of sperm volume, quality of sperm and strength libido were assessed with randomized block design one way. The results showed that all four traditional herbal formulas that are given to PO bulls did not appear to significantly affect the volume of semen and libido for a month with an average volume of 3.8 ± 2.8 cc / ejaculate and libido 159.9 ± 20.2 seconds. Sperm motility, sperm concentration, percentage of live sperm, and sperm abnormalities in PO bulls were given traditional herbal medicine with four different formulas also not significant (P> 0.05); with as well as the color, pH and consistency is still within the normal range. It was concluded that the four herbal formula derived from a mixture of traditional medicine can be given to bulls in order to increase libido and semen quality. It is suggested for granting herbal medicine ingredient formula of traditional medicine that are cheap and easily obtained to bulls. Keywords: bull, herbal, sperm quality ABSTRAK Fertilitas pada sapi jantan mempunyai peranan penting dalam meningkatkan keberhasilan kebuntingan, untuk itu pejantan dituntut memiliki libido tinggi, kualitas semen dan performa tubuh yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas semen pejantan menggunakan jamu tradisional dengan memanfaatkan kombinasi campuran tanaman obat. Penelitian menggunakan 20 ekor sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO), dibagi menjadi empat perlakuan jamu tradisional, yaitu temu lawak, temu ireng, lengkuas, sambiloto, cabe jawa, pasak bumi, dan purwoceng; yang masing-masing adalah F1 (15%, 15%, 20%, 5 %, 30%, 15%, dan 0 %) ; F2 (15%, 15%, 20%, 5%, 30%, 10%, dan 5 %) ; F3 (15%, 15%, 20%, 5%, 25%, 20%, dan 0 %) ; dan F4 (15%, 15%, 5%, 20%, 25%, 15%, dan 0 %). Pemberian formula jamu tradisional pada sapi pejantan menggunakan dosis 50 g/300 kg bobot badan sapi dengan ditambahkan pula madu 200 ml dan 5 butir telur per ekor sapi. Pemberian jamu tradisional dilakukan setiap minggu sekali selama lima minggu. Variabel yang diamati meliputi volume semen, libido dan kualitas semen dengan dianalisis ragam (ANOVA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keempat formula jamu tradisional yang diberikan pada sapi pejantan PO tidak berpengaruh secara nyata terhadap volume semen dan libido selama lima minggu dengan rata-rata volume 3,8±2,8 cc/ejakulat dan libido 159,9±20,2 detik. Motilitas sperma, konsentrasi sperma, persentase hidup sperma dan abnormalitas sperma pada pejantan sapi PO yang diberikan jamu tradisional dengan empat formula yang berbeda juga tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05), dengan warna, pH dan konsistensi masi...

Melon is a high-value horticulture commodity which is expected to increase farmer household's income in Kulon Progo Regency. The purpose of farming is not only to gain the highest resulting output but also the efficiency of input usage. Knowing the magnitude and distribution of technical efficiency has important implications for input allocations and farming managerial capability improvement. FRONTIER 4.1 software helps to estimate the stochastic production frontier and technical efficiency, as well as the ineffiency model as a one step process (simultaneously). The sample of this research were 100 melon farmers in Kulon Progo. Stochastic Frontier Approach using Cobb Douglas production function was applied in this research. The result reveals that 1) land use, quantity of seed, NPK fertilizer, organic fertilizer, pesticide, ricefield agroecosystem and wet season contributed significantly to melon production; 2) technical efficiency indeces ranged from 0.33 to 0.99, with a mean of 0.64; 3) farmer's age, level of education and large portion of loan for farming capital give significant influence to technical efficiency

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