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In plant-symbiotic bacteria, such as some mehylotrophic bacteria and rhizobia, a novel type of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)dependent methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) was recently identified. This MDH, named XoxF encoded by the xox cluster, requires lanthanide (Ln) as a cofactor. Moreover, there is steady indication that these plant symbiotic bacteria strains possess some Ln-dependent cell functions: the strains are able to recognize Ln species under growth conditions, to uptake Ln species into the cell, and to regulate their Ln-dependent methanol metabolisms based on the particular Ln species present. In this review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms involved in Ln-dependent methanol metabolism and Ln-utilizing systems in the plant-symbiotic bacteria, and discuss the physiological roles of these Ln-dependent systems for the plant-symbiotic bacteria in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere.

Raw skin is the common primary material that used in the leather tannery. As an organic material, leather has a risk of microstructure damage from microorganisms. Although the tannery process uses several chemicals and actions to prevent its damage, the long storage time of leather can provide opportunities for microorganisms to regrow. The study aims to know the monitor lizard leather quality through the microstructure condition caused by microorganisms' activity. The various storage time (1, 2, 3 and 4 years) of leather were evaluated by bacterial count. Based on the results, bacterial count and nitrogen content in the leather increased significantly (P<0.05), while the pH value and thermal stability decreased significantly after leather storage for two years. So, the longer the storage time, the lower the quality of the leather.

We present the draft genome sequence of Bradyrhizobium sp. strain Ce-3, which produced exopolysaccharide (EPS) and oxidized methanol in the presence of Ce 3+ . The genome for strain Ce-3 was estimated at 7,608,996 bp and showed that the strain is closely related to Bradyrhizobium erythrophlei MT12 and Bradyrhizobium sp. strain C9.

Fish skin is one of the alternative materials to replace the common animal skin that used in the leather tannery. This research was carried out by vegetable tanning to the tilapia fish skin using selected concentration of fresh palm oil and used palm oil. The study aims to find out the physical quality of leather through the using of fresh and used palm oil as fatliquoring agent in the vegetable tannery process. The same concentration of fresh palm oil (5%) and used palm oil (5%) were used in this study. The parameter of tensile strength, elongation, and shrinkage temperature as physical quality was observed in triplicates. Based on the results, tensile strength and leather elongation were significantly increased, while the shrinkage temperature was not significantly affected. In conclusion, the addition of palm oil caused the increasing tilapia fish skin quality that can be used for commercial products, and it became the alternative material that could be use in vegetable tannery processing.

Tilapia skin has a high value in the form of tanned tilapia skin. One of the factors that play an important role in the tanning process is the using of tanning agents. This research was carried out by vegetable tanning to the tilapia fish skin using selected concentration of fresh palm oil and used palm oil. The study aims to find out the chemical quality of leather through the using of fresh and used palm oil as fat liquoring agent in the vegetable tannery process. The same concentration of fresh palm oil (10%), and used palm oil (10%) were used in this study. The parameter of fat content, and water content as chemical quality was observed in triplicates. Based on the results, the fat content of the leather using fresh palm oil (19.265%) was significantly increased (p<0.05) compared to used palm oil (15.825%), while the water content was also significantly different (p<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of palm oil improved the moisture of tilapia fish skin and become softer that can be used for commercial products, and it became the alternative material that could be use in vegetable tannery processing.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of storage time on the physical properties of vegetable-tanned goat leather. We divided the storage time into three treatments, namely P0 (0 months), P1 (3 months), and P3 (12 months). The observation parameters for investigation included tensile strength, elongation, and shrinkage temperature, while the statistical analysis was done using the analysis of variance, completely random design, and the orthogonal contrast test α to get optimum value. The results showed that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in all treatments. The values of tensile strength, elongation, and shrinkage temperature of vegetable tanned-goat leather were evaluated in comparison with Indonesian National Standard (SNI) Number 06-0237-1989. From the current study, it is concluded that the storage time of 0 months produced the best physical quality of vegetable-tanned goat leather.