20 bacterial strains (corresponding to 16 species) were screened for ornithine lipids. Only two species (Thiobacillus A2 and Achromobacter sp.) turned out to contain ornithine lipids (2.71 mmol/100 g and 0.38 mmol/100 g bacterial dry weight, respectively). In both ornithine lipids, a 3‐hydroxy fatty acid was amide‐linked to the α‐amino group of ornithine, a normal fatty acid was ester‐linked to the 3‐hydroxy group of the former. The predominant fatty acids were 18:1(11) and 3‐hydroxy‐20:1(13) in Thiobacillus A2, 16:0 and 3‐hydroxy‐18:1(11) in Achromobacter sp. All monounsaturated fatty acids (with one exception) belonged to the (n‐7) family. 11, 12‐Epoxy octadecanoic acid was identified among the ester‐linked fatty acids of Thiobacillus A2. Phosphatidyl‐choline was the principal phospholipid in both bacterial species.
15 strains of hydrogen‐oxidizing bacteria were grown heterotrophically, harvested during the stationary phase of growth, and analyzed for their principal phospholipids. All strainsndash;with the exception of Corynebacterium autotrophicum strain SA 32 and Pseudomonas pseudoflava–contained phosphatidylcholine as a major constituent. It is concluded that the presence of phosphatidy1choline is neither characteristic of a peculiar bacterial genus or family, nor is it absolutely correlated to the ability to oxidize hydrogen. The phosphatidylcholines of all strains contain C19 cyclopropane acid which is, in some strains, predominantly located at C‐2 position of the glycerol moiety.
A procedure for the quantitative determination of glycosphingolipids is described, involving extraction of total lipids, fractionation on a column, acid cleavage and photometry of a complex formed between sphingosine and methyl orange. The level of glycosphingolipid sphigosine of erythrocyte membranes of a variety of mammals ranges from 59.1 (rat) to 410.1 (pig) nmol/ml packed cells.There is no simple method for the quantitative determination of glycosphingolipids as a whole. Since lipid sugar of animal tissues is predominantly a moiety of glycosphingolipids, one should expect that a determination of sugar in a lipid extracted from animal tissues might serve as a method for the determination of glycosphingolipids. However, glycosphingolipids contain various kinds of hexoses and N-acetylhexosamines, and there is no reagent known that indicates various hexoses and N-acetylhexosamines to the same extent. Thus, a reagent, such as anthrone, that reacts more readily with galactose than with glucose, would indicate a higher amount of a galactose-rich glycosphingolipid than of a glucose-rich glycosphingolipid. If the anthrone reaction is based on a mixed galactose glucose standard, then this would be a poor method, because there is rarely an equal amount of galactose and glucose in natural samples. Moreover, the anthrone reagent gives almost no color reaction with N-acetylhexosamines.Another possibility is given by one of the various methods of sphingosine determination. The formation of a complex between sphingosine and methyl orange appears to be the basis of a convenient procedure [l]. However, application of a sphingosine determination for the determination of glycosphingolipids involves the quantitative separation of sphingomyelins from glycosphingolipids.This paper reports a procedure that was adopted from the column chromatographic fractionation method of Saito and Hakomori [2] and the spectrophotometric method of sphingosine determination of Lauter and Trams [I]. This procedure was used in the determination of glycosphingolipids of erythrocyte membranes of various mammalian species. Both methods were modified in various ways. MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood Samples and ChemicalsBlood from man, cattle, pig, and llama was drawn by venepuncture. Blood from other animals (cat, sheep, rat) was obtained on occasion when the animals were sacrificed for other reasons. Acid &rate/ dextrose solution was used as an anticoagulant. Erythrocytes were isolated as described earlier [3].Cerebrosides and ceramide oligohexosides, isolated from human brain and bovine spleen respectively, were used as standard samples. Sphingosine sulfate and sphingomyelin were purchased from Koch Light (Colnbrook, England). Procedure of Determination20ml of a suspension of washed erythrocytes (hematocrit 40-60) was extracted three times with chloroform and methanol, as described elsewhere [3]; the total lipids obtained were purified by passing them through Sephadex G-25 fine [4], thus saving the gangliosides, and then transferred to a 25-ml volumetric ...
Alkenylether-(Enolether-, Vinylether-)Analoge von Phosphatidylglycerin, von Bisphosphatidylglycerin (Cardiolipin), von Monoglykosyldiglycerid und von Diglykosyldiglycerid wuden aus den polaren Lipiden von Clmlridium ucetobrylicum, einem obligaten Anaerobier, isoliert und durch chemischen Abbau charakterisiert. Die Stellung der Alkenylether-Bindung (an C-1) und diederAcylester-Bindung (anC-2) sowiedieKonfigurationan C-2 der Phosphatide sind dieselben wie bei den bisher bekannten Alkenylether-Phosphatiden (Plasmalogenen). Die systematische Bezeichnung ist daher: I-Alkenyl-2-acyl-srrglycero-3-phosphoglycerin (Plasmenylglycerin) (dieses wurde friiher schon in Clarlridium bulyrinrm nachgewiesen) bzw. 1 -Alkenyl-2-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-1' -glycero-3' -phospho-1" ,2" -diacyl-smglycerin (Plasmenylglycerophosphatidsiiure). Das Alkenylether-Analoge des Monoglykosyldiglycerids enthiilt einen Galaktose-Rest, das des Diglykosyldiglycerids einen Galaktose-und einen Glucose-Rest (letzterer wahrscheinlich als terminale Zucker-Einheit). Die systematische Bezeichnung der Alkenylether-Glykolipide ist: x-Galaktosyl-y-alkenyl-zacyl-glycerin bzw. x-(~-Glucosyl-galaktosyl)-y-alkenyl-z-acyl-glycerin, wobei x,y undzverschiedene,abernichtgesichertePositionenam Glycerin-Baustein angeben.Alkenylether-Lipide sind Glycerin-Lipide, h e ein langkettiges Enol in Etherbindung am C-1 des Glycerin-Bausteins enthalten (Abb. 1). Sie werden daher auch Enoletheroder Vinylether-Lpide genannt. In allen bisher untersuchten Fdlen fmdet sich die GC-Doppelbindung des Enol-Restes in cis-Kodiguration. Die stereochemischen Verhdtnisse sind in Abb. 1 dargestellt. Alkenylether-Lipide entsprechen somit in ihrer Struktur den schon lange bekannten Glycerin-Lipiden, die am G1 des Glycerin-Bausteins statt eines Enols eine Fettsaure in esterartiger Bindung enthalten (Abb. 2). Neben den Alkenylether-Lipiden (rechts in Abb. 2) gibt es auch Alkylether-Lipide (Mitte), die gesattigte Alkylketten in Etherbindung aufweisen.
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