Verbal fluency is a basic function of language that refers to the ability to produce fluent speech. Despite being an essentially linguistic function, its measurements are also used to evaluate executive aspects of verbal behavior. Performance in verbal fluency (VF) tasks varies according to age, education, and cognitive development. Neurodevelopmental disorders that affect the functioning of frontal areas tend to cause lower performance in VF tasks. Despite the relative consensus that has been reached in terms of the use of VF tasks for the diagnosis of dyslexia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, few studies have considered regional variations in Brazil. The present study sought to provide normative data on VF tasks in children by considering gender, age, education, and geopolitical region of origin with auxiliary purposes in neuropsychological diagnosis of disorders that occur with executive changes The study included 298 participants, 7–10 years of age of both genders, who performed three letter fluency tasks and three category fluency tasks. The data were subjected to correlational and variance analyses, with age and gender as factors. No effect of gender on the children's performance was found. However, significant differences between age groups were observed, with better performance in letter tasks in older children and better performance in letter tasks compared with category tasks. Significant regional differences in performance on the letter VF task were observed. These results reinforce the importance of regional normative data in countries with high regional cultural variations, such as Brazil.

The development of executive functions (EF) is recognizably correlated to culture, contextual and social factors. However, studies considering all the basic EF are still scarce in Brazil, most notably in the Northeast region, which is known for its social inequality and economic gap. This study aimed to analyze the developmental trajectories and structure of four EF, namely inhibition, flexibility, working memory and planning. In addition, the potential effects of socioeconomic status (SES) and gender were examined. The sample included 230 Brazilian children between 7-12 years old, homogeneously distributed by age, gender and type of school. The EF were assessed through the Brazilian version of the Child Executive Functions Battery (CEF-B). A global effect of age was found for most of the EF measures evaluated. Gender effect was mostly non-significant, except for 4 of the 12 tasks. There was a significant SES effect on 8 tasks, all in favor of private school children. Exploratory factorial and correlation analysis showed a 4-factor EF structure, corroborating the theoretical distribution considered in the CEF-B. A developmental progression is evident in the results for all of the EF measures evaluated. While gender had little influence on EF, SES seems to significantly impact the development of EF. As normative data are still lacking in Northeast Brazil, this study may help to understand EF development trajectories and provide tools for neuropsychological evaluation.

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Exposure to radiotherapy has a significant effect on processing speed and consequently on global intellectual capacity. The impact on intelligence of clinical and sociodemographic variables such as tumor localization, time interval between diagnosis and cognitive evaluation, and parental level of formal education is confirmed in the specific setting of a developing country.

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aspectos en el inicio de la vida del bebé y facilitar así, el rescate de los estudios sobre SD por estudiantes e investigadores.

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability, affecting approximately one for every 800 live births. The

As funções executivas (FE) são funções mentais complexas, responsáveis pela autoregulação. Apesar do crescente interesse científico no estudo dessas funções, ainda existem indefinições acerca do construto. Este artigo objetiva agregar evidências de pesquisas no campo da avaliação neuropsicológica infantil. Trata-se de revisão sistemática de publicações indexadas nas bases de dados PsycINFO e PubMed, nos últimos cinco anos (2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013). Foram identificados 25 artigos. Os resultados indicam aumento da produção científica sobre o tema nos três últimos anos. Os principais instrumentos de avaliação das FE identificados foram o BRIEF, as escalas Wechsler e tarefas baseadas nos paradigmas Go/No-Go e Stroop. Observou-se relativo consenso acerca da natureza multidimensional das FE. Contudo, permanecem divergências teóricas e metodológicas quanto à natureza e à quantidade desses componentes.