asyuni M, Gultom K, Fitri A, Susetya EA, Wati R, Slamet B, Sulistiyono N, Yusriani E, Balke T, Bunting P. 2018. Diversity and habitat characteristics of macrozoobenthos in the mangrove forest of Lubuk Kertang Village, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 311-317. Mangrove plays an important role in coastal ecosystems including ecological, social, and economic aspects. This study aimed to determine the diversity of macrozoobenthos and water quality based on diversity index (H’), similarity Index (E), and dominance index (D) in the mangrove of Lubuk Kertang Village North Sumatra, Indonesia. The samples of macrozoobenthos (biological parameter) and water quality (physical and chemical parameters) were collected from fifteen plots in three different stations. Macrozoobenthos were collected in 1 m × 1 m transect in the mangrove forest. The biota was taken by using a shovel, inserted into a plastic bag, and identified. Results showed that eight species of macrozoobenthos were found and classified into three classes of Gastropod, Bivalvia, and Malacostraca. The highest diversity index (H′) of macrozoobenthos was found at Station II (2.39), the highest evenness index (E) was located at Station I (0.54), and the highest dominance index (D) was found at Station II (0.34). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the habitat characteristics of macrozoobenthos. PCA confirmed that station III was a habitat with suitable characteristics for the life of macrozoobenthos indicating the negative axis. The present study suggested four parameters namely salinity, clay temperature, and dissolved oxygen that should be preserved to support the survival of macrozoobenthos in the mangrove forests.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, as a result of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, since December 2019, is a major health problem and concern worldwide. The pandemic has impacted various fields, from the social to the development of health science and technology. The virus has been mutating and thus producing several new variants, rushing research in the field of molecular biology to develop rapidly to overcome the problems that occur. Vaccine clinical studies are developing promptly with the aim of obtaining vaccines that are effective in suppressing the spread of the virus; however, the development of viral mutations raises concerns about the decreasing effectiveness of the resulting vaccine, which also results in the need for more in-depth studies. There have been 330 vaccines developed, including 136 clinical developments and 194 pre-clinical developments. The SARS-CoV-2 variant continues to evolve today, and it poses a challenge in testing the effectiveness of existing vaccines. This is a narrative review describing the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, development of vaccine platforms, identification of concerning mutations and virus variants in various countries of the world, and real-world monitoring of post-vaccination effectiveness and surveillance.

Penelitian ini dilakukan dari bulan Oktober hingga November 2016. Sampel diambil dari 3 stasiun dengan ulangan sebanyak 3 kali di kawasan perairan Tanjungbalai, Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Hasil penelitian ditemukan sebanyak 2393 individu yang terdiri dari 6 keluarga dan 14 spesies. Jenis hasil bivalvia adalah Anadara granosa, Anadara gubernaculum, Anadara inaequivalvis, Donax faba, Mactra grandis, Modiolus micropterus, Atrina pectinata, Calista erycina, Calista lilacina, Dosinia dilecta, Mertrix meretrix, Paphia gallus, Paphia undulata, Tapes sulcarius.This research was conducted from October to November 2016. The samples was taken from 3 stations with repeating 3 times in Tanjungbalai Waters of North Sumatra Province. The results of the research was found as many as 2393 individuals consisting of 6 families and 14 species. The type of bivalves results are Anadara granosa, Anadara gubernaculum, Anadara inaequivalvis, Donax faba, Mactra grandis, Modiolus micropterus, Atrina pectinata, Calista erycina, Calista lilacina, Dosinia dilecta, Mertrix meretrix, Paphia gallus, Paphia undulata, Tapes sulcarius.

No abstract

Most of The Pane Island Coastal communities are not yet aware of the potential of Sargassum in their coastal area even though its benefits as a foodstuff is quite high, for this reason, it is necessary to have scientific information about the importance of the nutritional content of Sargassum sp. such as proximate chemical composition and crude fibers as a components of functional food product. The proximate chemical composition and crude fibers of Sargassum were studied to understand the nutritional profile. The results show that physical-chemical parameters of waters play an essential role in the nutrients composition of Sargassum. Among the two seaweeds, S. cristaefolium contained highest protein and carbohydrates content (8.54% and 7.25%, respectively) and S. crassifolium possessed highest ash, fat and crude fiber (41.52%, 0.30%, and 24.54%, respectively). Nutrient content and crude fiber in Sargassum cristaefolium and Sargassum crassifolium can be used as components of functional foods.

Susetya IE, Desrita, Ginting EDD, Fauzan M, Yusni E, Saridu SA. 2018. Diversity of bivalves in Tanjung Balai AsahanWaters, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1147-1153. Local and regional market demands for bivalves increase outsideTanjung Balai City and Asahan District Waters, North Sumatra, Indonesia. As a result, high exploitation of bivalves occurred. In theother hand, there were less comprehensive information and studies on the diversity of bivalves in this area. This study aimed todetermine the diversity of bivalves and water quality of Tanjung Balai Asahan Waters; was conducted between July 2016 and November2017. Sampling of bivalves was conducted monthly. Several physical and chemical parameters were quantified. Data analysis includedcommunity structure analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The result showed that there were 16 species of bivalves from7 families in Tanjung Balai Asahan Waters. Station 2 had the highest composition of bivalves, while the lowest was noted at Station 1.The mean abundance of bivalves at stations 1, 2 and 3 were 352±22 ind/m2, 222±14 ind/m2 and 388±30,2 ind/m2, respectively. Ingeneral, the index of diversity was categorized as low to moderate. The evenness index was categorized as low to high, while thedominance index indicated the absence of dominant species at almost all stations except station 1. Water quality of the waters was stillin capacity to support the life of bivalves. Based on PCA analysis, it was obtained that the abundance of bivalves was positivelycorrelated with nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, salinity, and pH.

Mangrove plants are popularized for their edible and vital source of food. Mangroves in Pulau Sembilan, Langkat, North Sumatra, Indonesia were supported by the high plant diversity. These major tree species were provided in mangrove fruits annually and assist in finding a new variety of functional food materials. Bioprospecting was denoted the exploration of bioresources material to useful derived mangrove products. The present study aims to assess bioprospecting based-nutritional parameters, antioxidant content, and elemental analysis (micronutrient and macronutrient) in fruits of eight mangrove plants: Avicennia officinalis, Bruguiera cylindrica, Rhizophora apiculata, Ceriops tagal, R. stylosa, R. mucronata, Xylocarpus granatum and Sonneratia alba in Pulau Sembilan, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Out of seven nutritional parameters, A. officinalis recorded the highest in three parameters (protein, total sugar, and non-reducting sugar), X. granatum recorded highest in two parameters (fat and moisture content), among all studied species followed by R. mucronata, and R. stylosa in one parameter (ash and reducing sugar), respectively. Among the antioxidant content, R. mucronata exhibited the highest ascorbic acid content and phenolic acid. Beta carotenoid was maximum in C. tagal. The highest macro element varied among the mangrove fruits: sodium was recorded in R. apiculata, potassium content was noted in X. granatum, and calcium was in S. alba. Likewise, the highest microelement was spread among the mangrove fruits: X. granatum (iron), R. mucronata (manganese), A. officinalis (cupper), and S. alba (zinc). Thus, this study's findings showed the mangrove fruits have reported prospective values as antioxidants, bio-nutrition, and renewable food sources potential for the adjacent mangrove.

Percut Sei Tuan is a coastal area on the east coast of North Sumatra which has a lot of natural resource potential, one of them which is green mussels (Perna viridis). Green mussels have many benefits, namely for consumption, cultivation and bioindicator. This study aimed to determine the density, habitat location, growth pattern, frequency distribution of green mussels, physical-chemical parameters of water, a substrate of the bottom waters, and the relationship of green clams density to water and substrate parameters. The study was conducted in July-September 2020. Data analysis included density, the relationship of total length and weight of green mussels, the frequency distribution of shell lengths, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed that the density of green mussels at stations I, II, and III were 352 ind/m2, 3 ind/m2, and 1 ind/m2, respectively. The relationship between the length and weight of green shells shows that the growth was negative allometric. The water condition, seen from the physical, chemical, and substrate parameters, was still suitable for P. viridis. Water and substrate parameters that were positively related to the density of green mussels were water temperature, nitrate, phosphate, C-organic, percentage of silt and clay. Parameters that were negatively related were salinity, pH, and percentage of sand in the bottom substrate. The present study suggested that Station I was an appropriate area for the growth and reproduction of green mussels.